# Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE resulted from a combination of interconnected factors that developed over centuries.

## Political Instability
- Frequent civil wars and power struggles
- Rapid succession of emperors (many assassinated)
- Division of the empire into Western and Eastern halves
- Weakening of central authority

## Military Problems
- Increasing reliance on Germanic mercenaries and foederati
- Difficulty defending extensive borders
- Declining loyalty and discipline in the legions
- Costly wars on multiple fronts

## Economic Troubles
- Heavy taxation burdening citizens
- Debasement of currency and inflation
- Disruption of trade networks
- Decline of agricultural productivity

## External Pressures
- Continuous barbarian invasions (Visigoths, Vandals, Huns, Ostrogoths)
- The Huns pushing Germanic tribes into Roman territory
- Loss of provinces and tax revenue

## Social and Administrative Factors
- Growing gap between rich and poor
- Corruption in government
- Depopulation of cities
- Loss of civic participation and identity

## Debate Among Historians
Scholars continue to debate the relative importance of these factors. Some emphasize gradual transformation rather than sudden "fall," noting that Roman culture, law, and institutions persisted well into the medieval period, especially in the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire.
