Note: This is a comprehensive but not absolutely exhaustive set of concise (subject, predicate, object) triples about photosynthesis.

(Photosynthesis, definition, conversion of light energy into chemical energy)
(Photosynthesis, overall reaction, 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2)
(Photosynthesis, occurs in, plants)
(Photosynthesis, occurs in, algae)
(Photosynthesis, occurs in, cyanobacteria)
(Photosynthesis, occurs in, some bacteria performing anoxygenic photosynthesis)
(Oxygenic photosynthesis, requires, photosystem II and photosystem I)
(Anoxygenic photosynthesis, uses, alternative electron donors such as H2S, Fe2+, or organic compounds)
(Chloroplast, origin, endosymbiotic cyanobacterium)
(Chloroplast, contains, double membrane)
(Chloroplast, contains, thylakoid membranes)
(Thylakoid membrane, location of, photosystems and electron transport chain)
(Thylakoid lumen, property, acidic during illumination)
(Stroma, property, site of Calvin cycle)
(Photosystem II, abbreviation, PSII)
(Photosystem I, abbreviation, PSI)
(PSII, absorbs peak light, ~680 nm)
(PSI, absorbs peak light, ~700 nm)
(Chlorophyll a, role, primary pigment involved in photochemistry)
(Chlorophyll b, role, accessory pigment transferring energy to chlorophyll a)
(Carotenoids, role, accessory pigments and photoprotectants)
(Phycobilins, role, accessory pigments in cyanobacteria and red algae)
(Light-harvesting complex, function, captures light and funnels energy to reaction center)
(Reaction center, function, converts excitation energy into charge separation)
(Charge separation, initiates, electron transport)
(Water, substrate for PSII in oxygenic photosynthesis, source of electrons and protons)
(PSII, oxidizes, H2O)
(PSII, produces, O2)
(Water-splitting complex, also called, oxygen-evolving complex)
(Oxygen-evolving complex, contains, Mn cluster)
(Electrons from PSII, pass through, plastoquinone pool)
(Plastoquinone, transfers electrons to, cytochrome b6f complex)
(Cytochrome b6f, transfers electrons to, plastocyanin)
(Plastocyanin, transfers electrons to, PSI)
(PSI, transfers electrons to, ferredoxin)
(Ferredoxin, reduces, NADP+ to NADPH via ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase)
(NADP+, reduced to, NADPH)
(Electron transport, creates, proton gradient across thylakoid membrane)
(Proton gradient, drives, ATP synthase)
(ATP synthase, synthesizes, ATP from ADP + Pi)
(Process making ATP in chloroplast, called, photophosphorylation)
(Linear electron flow, produces, ATP and NADPH)
(Cyclic electron flow around PSI, produces, ATP without NADPH)
(Cyclic electron flow, involves, ferredoxin and cytochrome b6f)
(ATP, used in, Calvin cycle)
(NADPH, used in, Calvin cycle)
(Calvin cycle, also called, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle)
(Calvin cycle, takes place in, stroma)
(RuBP, full name, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)
(Rubisco, catalyzes, carboxylation of RuBP)
(Rubisco, also catalyzes, oxygenation of RuBP causing photorespiration)
(Rubisco, description, most abundant enzyme on Earth and relatively slow)
(Carboxylation by Rubisco, produces, two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate per RuBP)
(Calvin cycle, net product per 3 CO2 fixed, one glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P))
(Calvin cycle, consumes per 3 CO2, 9 ATP and 6 NADPH)
(Photosynthetic quantum requirement, theoretical minimum, 8 photons per O2 evolved)
(Practical photon requirement, often, 8–12 photons per O2)
(Light reaction, converts, light energy into ATP and NADPH)
(Calvin cycle, converts, CO2 into carbohydrate using ATP and NADPH)
(3-phosphoglycerate, reduced to, G3P using NADPH and ATP)
(G3P, used to form, sugars and starch)
(Chlorophyll fluorescence, used to measure, photosynthetic efficiency)
(PAM fluorometry, measures, variable fluorescence and Fv/Fm)
(Fv/Fm, indicates, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII)
(NPQ, stands for, non-photochemical quenching)
(NPQ, function, dissipates excess light as heat)
(Photorespiration, initiated by, Rubisco oxygenase activity)
(Photorespiration, yields, 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate)
(2-phosphoglycolate, metabolized by, photorespiratory pathway)
(Photorespiration, consumes, ATP and reduces net carbon fixation)
(C4 photosynthesis, adaptation, minimizes photorespiration)
(C4 pathway, first step, CO2 fixation by PEP carboxylase to form oxaloacetate)
(PEP carboxylase, property, high affinity for bicarbonate and no oxygenase activity)
(C4 plants, have, Kranz anatomy)
(Kranz anatomy, description, spatial separation of initial CO2 fixation in mesophyll and Calvin cycle in bundle sheath)
(C4 decarboxylation, releases, high CO2 concentration around Rubisco in bundle sheath)
(CAM photosynthesis, stands for, crassulacean acid metabolism)
(CAM plants, separate, CO2 uptake at night and Calvin cycle in day)
(CAM, stores, malate in vacuole at night)
(Malate, decarboxylated during day, releases CO2 for Rubisco)
(C4 and CAM, both, concentrate CO2 to reduce photorespiration)
(Plants with C4 pathway, examples, maize, sugarcane, sorghum)
(CAM plants, examples, many succulents, pineapple, agave)
(Stomata, regulate, gas exchange and transpiration)
(Stomatal opening, increases, CO2 uptake and water loss)
(Water stress, causes, stomatal closure)
(Stomatal closure, reduces, CO2 influx and photosynthesis)
(Transpiration, function, cools leaves and drives mass flow of water)
(Nutrient limitation, such as nitrogen or phosphorus, reduces, photosynthetic capacity)
(Iron limitation, commonly limits, photosynthesis in oceanic phytoplankton)
(Light intensity, controls, rate of the light reactions up to light saturation)
(Light saturation point, after which, photosynthesis, no longer increases with light)
(Light compensation point, defined as, light level where photosynthetic CO2 uptake equals respiratory CO2 release)
(Temperature, affects, enzyme activities and membrane processes in photosynthesis)
(Photosynthesis, optimum temperature range, species-dependent)
(Cold stress, reduces, enzyme kinetics and membrane fluidity)
(Heat stress, can cause, denaturation of proteins and increased photorespiration)
(Chlorophyll, absorption peaks, blue (~430 nm) and red (~660–680 nm))
(Green light, relatively, less absorbed, more reflected leading to green leaf color)
(Accessory pigments, broaden, range of light wavelengths usable)
(Cyanobacteria, possess, phycobilisomes, light-harvesting complexes containing phycobilins)
(Algal plastids, diversity, primary, secondary, and tertiary endosymbiotic origins)
(Primary plastids, derived from, a single primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium)
(Secondary plastids, resulted from, engulfment of an algal cell by another eukaryote)
(Thylakoid, in cyanobacteria, arranged as, thylakoid lamellae rather than stacked grana)
(Grana, in higher plant chloroplasts, structure, stacked thylakoid membranes)
(Light-dependent reactions, sensitivity, can be photoinhibited under excess light)
(Photoinhibition, involves, damage to, PSII reaction center D1 protein)
(Repair cycle of PSII, requires, degradation and resynthesis of D1 protein)
(Photosynthetic pigments, can be measured by, spectrophotometry and HPLC)
(Leaf anatomy, influences, light capture and diffusion of CO2)
(Leaf area index (LAI), correlates with, canopy photosynthetic capacity)
(Primary productivity, meaning, rate of biomass produced by photosynthesis)
(Net primary productivity (NPP), equals, gross primary productivity minus plant respiration)
(Gross primary productivity (GPP), definition, total CO2 fixed by photosynthesis)
(Ecosystem photosynthesis, measurable by, eddy covariance flux towers)
(Satellite remote sensing, indices like NDVI, estimate, vegetation greenness and productivity)
(Chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing, can detect, photosynthetic stress from space)
(Rubisco, limitations, slow catalytic rate and oxygenase activity)
(Genetic engineering, approaches, attempt to improve Rubisco or introduce CO2-concentrating mechanisms)
(Artificial photosynthesis, goal, capture light and produce fuels like H2 or CO)
(Photobioreactors, used to, culture algae for biomass and biofuel production)
(Photosynthesis, major ecological role, primary production and base of food webs)
(Photosynthesis, major global impact, oxygenation of atmosphere)
(Great Oxidation Event, caused by, evolution and proliferation of oxygenic photosynthesizers)
(Historical experiment, Jan van Helmont, concluded, plant mass gain largely from water)
(Joseph Priestley, discovered, plants, restore “dephlogisticated air” (oxygen) consumed by animals)
(Jan Ingenhousz, showed, light is required for oxygen production by plants)
(Melvin Calvin, elucidated, carbon fixation pathway using radioactive 14C)
(Calvin cycle, also called, Benson-Calvin cycle in some literature)
(Inorganic carbon in water, exists as, CO2, H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32- depending on pH)
(CO2 uptake in aquatic photosynthesizers, may be via, dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate)
(Carbon-concentrating mechanisms in algae and cyanobacteria, examples, carboxysomes and pyrenoids)
(Carboxysome, function, concentrates Rubisco and CO2 in cyanobacteria)
(Pyrenoid, function, concentrates Rubisco in many algae)
(Photosynthetic bacteria like purple sulfur bacteria, use, bacteriochlorophylls)
(Bacteriochlorophylls, absorb, at longer wavelengths than plant chlorophylls)
(Anoxygenic photosynthesis, lacks, oxygen-evolving complex)
(Photosynthetic electron transport chain, is, series of redox carriers with specific midpoint potentials)
(Redox potentials, determine, directionality of electron flow)
(Photosynthetic pigments, undergo, resonance energy transfer within antenna complexes)
(Exciton transfer, mechanism, moves excitation energy among pigments)
(Non-photochemical quenching mechanisms, include, xanthophyll cycle)
(Xanthophyll cycle, converts, violaxanthin to zeaxanthin under high light)
(Zeaxanthin, role, helps dissipate excess excitation energy as heat)
(Photoreceptors like phytochrome and cryptochrome, regulate, light-dependent developmental responses)
(Shade avoidance syndrome, induced by, low red:far-red light ratio)
(Far-red light, sensed by, phytochromes)
(Chlorophyll synthesis, requires, magnesium and nitrogen)
(Chlorophyll degradation, produces, yellow and brown pigments during senescence)
(Nitrogen, importance, constituent of chlorophyll and photosynthetic enzymes)
(Phosphorus, importance, required for, ATP and nucleic acids in chloroplasts)
(Iron, importance, required for, electron carriers like ferredoxin and cytochromes)
(Magnesium, importance, central atom in, chlorophyll molecule)
(Photosynthesis, limited by, light, CO2, temperature, water, and nutrients)
(Quantum yield, definition, ratio of, number of charge separations (or O2 evolved) per photon absorbed)
(Low CO2 concentrations, increase, photorespiration)
(Elevated atmospheric CO2, generally increases, C3 photosynthetic rates under non-limiting conditions)
(C4 plants, response
