Here is a comprehensive set of (subject, predicate, object) triples about photosynthesis:

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## General Definition & Classification

- (Photosynthesis, is a, biological process)
- (Photosynthesis, is a type of, anabolic reaction)
- (Photosynthesis, is a type of, metabolic pathway)
- (Photosynthesis, converts, light energy into chemical energy)
- (Photosynthesis, is essential for, life on Earth)
- (Photosynthesis, occurs in, autotrophs)
- (Photosynthesis, occurs in, photoautotrophs)

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## Organisms That Perform Photosynthesis

- (Plants, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Algae, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Cyanobacteria, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Some protists, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Purple bacteria, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Green sulfur bacteria, perform, photosynthesis)
- (Organisms that perform photosynthesis, are called, photoautotrophs)
- (Photoautotrophs, are classified as, producers)
- (Producers, form the base of, food chains)

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## Location Within the Cell

- (Photosynthesis, occurs in, chloroplasts)
- (Chloroplasts, are, organelles)
- (Chloroplasts, are found in, plant cells)
- (Chloroplasts, are found in, algal cells)
- (Chloroplasts, have, an outer membrane)
- (Chloroplasts, have, an inner membrane)
- (Chloroplasts, contain, thylakoids)
- (Chloroplasts, contain, stroma)
- (Chloroplasts, contain, their own DNA)
- (Chloroplasts, are believed to have originated via, endosymbiosis)
- (Thylakoids, are, membrane-bound compartments)
- (Thylakoids, form stacks called, grana)
- (Grana, are stacks of, thylakoids)
- (Thylakoid membrane, contains, photosystems)
- (Thylakoid membrane, contains, electron transport chain components)
- (Thylakoid membrane, is the site of, light-dependent reactions)
- (Stroma, is the, fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts)
- (Stroma, surrounds, thylakoids)
- (Stroma, is the site of, the Calvin cycle)
- (Stroma, is the site of, light-independent reactions)
- (In prokaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in, the cell membrane)
- (Cyanobacteria, contain, thylakoid-like membranes)

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## Overall Chemical Equation

- (Photosynthesis, uses, carbon dioxide)
- (Photosynthesis, uses, water)
- (Photosynthesis, uses, light energy)
- (Photosynthesis, produces, glucose)
- (Photosynthesis, produces, oxygen)
- (The overall equation of photosynthesis, is, 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂)
- (Photosynthesis, is the reverse of, cellular respiration)
- (Oxygen, is a byproduct of, photosynthesis)
- (Glucose, is a product of, photosynthesis)

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## Two Main Stages

- (Photosynthesis, consists of, two main stages)
- (The two main stages, are, light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions)
- (Light-dependent reactions, are also called, light reactions)
- (Light-independent reactions, are also called, the Calvin cycle)
- (Light-independent reactions, are also called, the dark reactions)
- (Light-independent reactions, are also called, carbon fixation reactions)
- (The term "dark reactions", is considered, somewhat misleading)
- (Light-independent reactions, do not require, darkness)
- (Light-independent reactions, do not directly require, light)

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## Pigments

- (Photosynthesis, requires, photosynthetic pigments)
- (Chlorophyll, is the primary, photosynthetic pigment)
- (Chlorophyll, absorbs, red light)
- (Chlorophyll, absorbs, blue light)
- (Chlorophyll, reflects, green light)
- (Chlorophyll, gives plants, their green color)
- (Chlorophyll a, is the, primary photosynthetic pigment)
- (Chlorophyll b, is an, accessory pigment)
- (Chlorophyll a, has an absorption peak at, approximately 430 nm and 662 nm)
- (Chlorophyll b, has an absorption peak at, approximately 453 nm and 642 nm)
- (Chlorophyll, contains, a magnesium ion)
- (Chlorophyll, has, a porphyrin ring structure)
- (Chlorophyll, has, a hydrocarbon tail)
- (Carotenoids, are, accessory pigments)
- (Carotenoids, absorb, blue and green light)
- (Carotenoids, reflect, yellow and orange light)
- (Xanthophylls, are a type of, carotenoid)
- (Beta-carotene, is a type of, carotenoid)
- (Phycobilins, are accessory pigments in, cyanobacteria and red algae)
- (Accessory pigments, broaden, the range of light wavelengths absorbed)
- (Accessory pigments, transfer energy to, chlorophyll a)
- (Anthocyanins, are not directly involved in, photosynthesis)

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## Photosystems

- (Photosystems, are, protein-pigment complexes)
- (Photosystems, are embedded in, the thylakoid membrane)
- (There are two types of photosystems, called, Photosystem I and Photosystem II)
- (Photosystem I, is abbreviated as, PSI)
- (Photosystem II, is abbreviated as, PSII)
- (Photosystem I, has a reaction center called, P700)
- (Photosystem II, has a reaction center called, P680)
- (P700, absorbs light optimally at, 700 nm wavelength)
- (P680, absorbs light optimally at, 680 nm wavelength)
- (Each photosystem, contains, a reaction center)
- (Each photosystem, contains, an antenna complex)
- (The antenna complex, is also called, the light-harvesting complex)
- (The antenna complex, contains, hundreds of pigment molecules)
- (The antenna complex, funnels energy to, the reaction center)
- (Photosystem II, was discovered after, Photosystem I)
- (Photosystem II, acts before, Photosystem I in the electron transport chain)
- (Photosystem II, is named II because, it was discovered second)

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## Light-Dependent Reactions

- (Light-dependent reactions, occur in, thylakoid membranes)
- (Light-dependent reactions, require, light energy)
- (Light-dependent reactions, produce, ATP)
- (Light-dependent reactions, produce, NADPH)
- (Light-dependent reactions, produce, oxygen)
- (Light-dependent reactions, involve, photolysis of water)
- (Light-dependent reactions, involve, electron transport)
- (Light-dependent reactions, involve, chemiosmosis)

### Photolysis / Water Splitting

- (Photolysis, is the splitting of, water molecules)
- (Photolysis, occurs at, Photosystem II)
- (Photolysis, produces, electrons)
- (Photolysis, produces, hydrogen ions / protons)
- (Photolysis, produces, oxygen)
- (Water, is the electron donor in, oxygenic photosynthesis)
- (The oxygen-evolving complex, catalyzes, water splitting)
- (The oxygen-evolving complex, contains, manganese ions)
- (Two water molecules, are split to produce, one O₂ molecule, four H⁺ ions, and four electrons)

### Electron Transport Chain (Photosynthetic)

- (Light energy, excites electrons in, Photosystem II)
- (Excited electrons, leave, the P680 reaction center)
- (Pheophytin, is the primary electron acceptor of, PSII)
- (Electrons, pass from PSII to, plastoquinone)
- (Plastoquinone, is a, mobile electron carrier)
- (Plastoquinone, carries electrons to, the cytochrome b6f complex)
- (Cytochrome b6f complex, is a, proton pump)
- (Cytochrome b6f complex, pumps protons into, the thylakoid lumen)
- (Electrons, pass from cytochrome b6f to, plastocyanin)
- (Plastocyanin, is a, mobile electron carrier)
- (Plastocyanin, is a, copper-containing protein)
- (Plastocyanin, delivers electrons to, Photosystem I)
- (Light energy, excites electrons in, Photosystem I)
- (Excited electrons, leave, the P700 reaction center)
- (Electrons from PSI, pass to, ferredoxin)
- (Ferredoxin, is an, iron-sulfur protein)
- (Ferredoxin, donates electrons to, NADP⁺ reductase)
- (NADP⁺ reductase, reduces, NADP⁺ to NADPH)
- (NADP⁺, is the final electron acceptor of, the light reactions)

### Noncyclic vs. Cyclic Electron Flow

- (Noncyclic electron flow, involves, both Photosystem I and Photosystem II)
- (Noncyclic electron flow, produces, ATP, NADPH, and O₂)
- (Noncyclic electron flow, is also called, linear electron flow)
- (Cyclic electron flow, involves only, Photosystem I)
- (Cyclic electron flow, produces only, ATP)
- (Cyclic electron flow, does not produce, NADPH)
- (Cyclic electron flow, does not produce, oxygen)
- (In cyclic electron flow, electrons return from ferredoxin to, the cytochrome b6f complex)
- (Cyclic electron flow, may have been, the earliest form of photosynthesis)

### Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

- (Protons, accumulate in, the thylakoid lumen)
- (A proton gradient, forms across, the thylakoid membrane)
- (The proton gradient, is also called, the proton-motive force)
- (Protons, flow down the gradient through, ATP synthase)
- (ATP synthase, is an enzyme embedded in, the thylakoid membrane)
- (ATP synthase, catalyzes the synthesis of, ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate)
- (The process of ATP production via the proton gradient, is called, chemiosmosis)
- (Photophosphorylation, is the production of ATP using, light energy)
- (Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts, is analogous to, chemiosmosis in mitochondria)
- (Peter Mitchell, proposed, the chemiosmotic hypothesis)

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## Light-Independent Reactions / Calvin Cycle

- (The Calvin cycle, occurs in, the stroma of chloroplasts)
- (The Calvin cycle, does not directly require, light)
- (The Calvin cycle, requires, ATP from the light reactions)
- (The Calvin cycle, requires, NADPH from the light reactions)
- (The Calvin cycle, uses, carbon dioxide)
- (The Calvin cycle, produces, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate / G3P)
- (The Calvin cycle, was discovered by, Melvin Calvin)
- (The Calvin cycle, was also elucidated by, Andrew Benson)
- (The Calvin cycle, was also elucidated by, James Bassham)
- (Melvin Calvin, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in, 1961)
- (The Calvin cycle, is also called, the Calvin-Benson cycle)
- (The Calvin cycle, is also called, the C3 cycle)

### Three Phases of the Calvin Cycle

- (The Calvin cycle, has three phases, carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration)

#### Phase 1: Carbon Fixation

- (Carbon fixation, is the first phase of, the Calvin cycle)
- (Carbon fixation, involves the incorporation of, CO₂ into an organic molecule)
- (RuBisCO, catalyzes, carbon fixation)
- (RuBisCO, is short for, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)
- (RuBisCO, is the most abundant enzyme on, Earth)
- (RuBisCO, combines CO₂ with, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate / RuBP)
- (RuBP, is a, five-carbon sugar)
- (The combination of CO₂ and RuBP, produces, an unstable six-carbon compound)
- (The unstable six-carbon compound, immediately splits into, two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate / 3-PGA)
- (3-PGA, is a, three-carbon molecule)

#### Phase 2: Reduction

- (Reduction, is the second phase of, the Calvin cycle)
- (3-PGA, is phosphorylated by, ATP)
- (The phosphorylated 3-PGA, is reduced by, NADPH)
- (The product of reduction, is, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate / G3P)
- (G3P, is a, three-carbon sugar phosphate)
- (For every three CO₂ molecules fixed, six G3P molecules are produced)
- (One out of every six G3P molecules, exits the cycle as, net product)
- (Five out of every six G3P molecules, are used to, regenerate RuBP)
- (G3P, can be used to synthesize, glucose)
- (G3P, can be used to synthesize, sucrose)
- (G3P, can be used to synthesize, starch)
- (G3P, can be used to synthesize, amino acids)
- (G3P, can be used to synthesize, fatty acids)

#### Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP

- (Regeneration, is the third phase of, the Calvin cycle)
- (Five G3P molecules, are rearranged to regenerate, three RuBP molecules)
- (Regeneration of RuBP, requires, ATP)
- (The Calvin cycle, must turn three times to produce, one net G3P molecule)
- (The Calvin cycle, must turn six times to produce, one glucose molecule)
- (Each turn of the Calvin cycle, fixes, one molecule of CO₂)
- (Each turn of the Calvin cycle, consumes, 3 ATP and 2 NADPH)
- (Producing one glucose molecule, requires, 18 ATP and 12 NADPH)

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## Photorespiration

- (Photorespiration, is a wasteful process that, competes with photosynthesis)
- (Photorespiration, occurs when, RuBisCO fixes oxygen instead of CO₂)
- (RuBisCO, can bind, O₂ as well as CO₂)
- (Photorespiration, produces, 2-phosphoglycolate)
- (2-phosphoglycolate, is a, two-carbon molecule)
- (Photorespiration, consumes, ATP)
- (Photorespiration, releases, CO₂)
- (Photorespiration, does not produce, useful sugars)
- (Photorespiration, reduces the efficiency of, photosynthesis)
- (Photorespiration, increases at, high temperatures)
- (Photorespiration, increases at, high O₂ concentrations)
- (Photorespiration, increases at, low CO₂ concentrations)
- (Photorespiration, involves, chloroplasts, peroxisomes,
