(City of Rome, was founded in, 753 BC)
(Roman Republic, preceded, Roman Empire)
(Julius Caesar, became, Dictator in Perpetuity)
(Assassination of Julius Caesar, caused, Roman civil wars)
(Octavian, defeated, Mark Antony)
(Octavian, received title, Augustus)
(Augustus, established, Roman Empire)
(Roman Empire, began in, 27 BC)
(Augustus, initiated, Pax Romana)
(Pax Romana, designates, 200 years of relative peace)

(Roman Empire, surrounded, Mediterranean Sea)
(Romans, called the Mediterranean Sea, "Mare Nostrum")
(Roman Empire, encompassed, Southern Europe)
(Roman Empire, encompassed, Western Europe)
(Roman Empire, encompassed, North Africa)
(Roman Empire, encompassed, Western Asia)
(Emperor Trajan, achieved, maximum territorial extent)
(Roman Empire, occupied, Britannia)
(Roman Empire, controlled, Aegyptus)
(Roman Empire, bordered, Parthian Empire)
(Roman Empire, bordered, Sasanian Empire)
(Rhine River, formed, northern border)
(Danube River, formed, northeastern border)

(Emperor, ruled, Roman state)
(Roman Senate, advised, Emperor)
(Praetorian Guard, protected, Emperor)
(Roman Law, governed, Roman citizens)
(Twelve Tables, formed basis of, Roman Law)
(Emperor Diocletian, created, Tetrarchy)
(Tetrarchy, divided power among, four co-emperors)
(Patricians, represented, upper social class)
(Plebeians, represented, lower social class)
(Roman economy, relied on, agriculture)
(Roman economy, relied on, slave labor)
(Denarius, served as, standard silver coin)

(Augustus, was, first Roman Emperor)
(Tiberius, succeeded, Augustus)
(Caligula, was assassinated by, Praetorian Guard)
(Claudius, conquered, Britain)
(Nero, persecuted, early Christians)
(Vespasian, founded, Flavian Dynasty)
(Titus, destroyed, Second Temple of Jerusalem)
(Nerva, initiated, Five Good Emperors era)
(Hadrian, built, Hadrian's Wall)
(Marcus Aurelius, practiced, Stoicism)
(Commodus, ended, Pax Romana)
(Diocletian, ended, Crisis of the Third Century)
(Constantine the Great, legalized, Christianity)

(Roman Army, defended, Roman Empire)
(Legions, constituted, primary military units)
(Legionaries, wielded, Gladius)
(Legionaries, carried, Scutum)
(Legionaries, threw, Pilum)
(Centurions, commanded, Centuries)
(Auxiliaries, provided, specialized troops)
(Testudo, functioned as, shield formation)
(Roman military, built, fortified camps)
(Roman military, utilized, siege warfare)

(Romans, invented, Roman concrete)
(Roman concrete, enabled, monumental architecture)
(Romans, built, Colosseum)
(Colosseum, hosted, gladiatorial combat)
(Romans, built, Pantheon)
(Pantheon, features, unreinforced concrete dome)
(Aqueducts, transported, fresh water)
(Roman roads, connected, empire's cities)
(Appian Way, is, famous Roman road)
(Romans, constructed, public bathhouses)
(Romans, utilized, arches)
(Romans, designed, vaulted ceilings)

(Romans, spoke, Latin)
(Eastern Romans, spoke, Greek)
(Latin, gave rise to, Romance languages)
(Roman religion, was initially, polytheistic)
(Romans, worshipped, Jupiter)
(Romans, worshipped, Mars)
(Romans, worshipped, Venus)
(Romans, assimilated, Greek mythology)
(Romans, adopted, Imperial Cult)
(Imperial Cult, worshipped, deified emperors)
(Constantine the Great, convened, Council of Nicaea)
(Emperor Theodosius, made Christianity, state religion)
(Paganism, was banned by, Emperor Theodosius)

(Chariot racing, was, popular entertainment)
(Circus Maximus, hosted, chariot races)
(Gladiators, were mostly, enslaved people)
(Gladiators, fought, wild animals)
(Wealthy Romans, lived in, Domus)
(Poor Romans, lived in, Insulae)
(Paterfamilias, held absolute power over, Roman family)
(Roman citizens, wore, togas)
(Virgil, wrote, The Aeneid)
(Ovid, wrote, Metamorphoses)
(Pliny the Elder, wrote, Natural History)

(Crisis of the Third Century, destabilized, Roman Empire)
(Plague of Cyprian, decimated, Roman population)
(Emperor Constantine, moved capital to, Byzantium)
(Constantine, renamed Byzantium to, Constantinople)
(Emperor Theodosius, permanently divided, Roman Empire)
(Roman Empire, split into, Western Roman Empire)
(Roman Empire, split into, Eastern Roman Empire)
(Huns, triggered, Migration Period)
(Germanic tribes, invaded, Western Roman Empire)
(Visigoths, sacked Rome in, 410 AD)
(King Alaric, led, Visigoths)
(Vandals, sacked Rome in, 455 AD)
(Odoacer, deposed, Romulus Augustulus)
(Romulus Augustulus, was, last Western Roman Emperor)
(Western Roman Empire, fell in, 476 AD)

(Eastern Roman Empire, survived as, Byzantine Empire)
(Byzantine Empire, preserved, Roman law)
(Emperor Justinian, codified, Roman law)
(Byzantine Empire, defended against, Islamic expansions)
(Ottoman Turks, conquered, Constantinople)
(Byzantine Empire, fell in, 1453 AD)
(Fall of Constantinople, marked end of, Roman Empire)
(Roman Empire, heavily influenced, Western Civilization)
