I’ll give you a large, structured set of triples, grouped by topic. Each bullet is one (subject, predicate, object) triple. I’ll stay at a fairly high level but cover the main concepts, mechanisms, evidence, and history.

You can treat subjects and objects as “nodes” and predicates as “edges” if you want to turn this into a graph.

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## 1. Core definition and scope

- (Evolution, is, change in heritable characteristics of populations over generations)
- (Evolution, occurs in, populations)
- (Evolution, acts on, heritable variation)
- (Evolution, results in, changes in allele frequencies over time)
- (Evolution, is described by, evolutionary theory)
- (Evolutionary theory, is part of, modern biology)
- (Evolutionary theory, provides framework for, understanding biodiversity)
- (Evolutionary theory, explains, origin of species)
- (Evolutionary theory, explains, adaptation of organisms)
- (Evolutionary theory, is supported by, multiple independent lines of evidence)

---

## 2. Basic population genetics framework

- (Population genetics, studies, evolution of allele frequencies)
- (Allele, is, variant form of a gene)
- (Gene, is, unit of heredity)
- (Genotype, is, genetic constitution of an individual)
- (Phenotype, is, observable traits of an individual)
- (Phenotype, is influenced by, genotype)
- (Phenotype, is influenced by, environment)
- (Evolution, requires, genetic variation)
- (Genetic variation, arises from, mutation)
- (Genetic variation, arises from, recombination)
- (Genetic variation, arises from, gene flow)
- (Allele frequencies, change due to, natural selection)
- (Allele frequencies, change due to, genetic drift)
- (Allele frequencies, change due to, mutation)
- (Allele frequencies, change due to, gene flow)
- (Evolutionary change, is, change in allele frequencies across generations)

---

## 3. Mechanisms of evolution

### 3.1 Natural selection

- (Natural selection, is, differential survival and reproduction of individuals with different traits)
- (Natural selection, requires, variation in traits)
- (Natural selection, requires, heritability of traits)
- (Natural selection, requires, differential fitness among variants)
- (Fitness, is, reproductive success of an individual relative to others)
- (Natural selection, acts on, phenotypes)
- (Natural selection, indirectly changes, genotype frequencies)
- (Natural selection, increases, frequency of advantageous alleles)
- (Natural selection, decreases, frequency of deleterious alleles)
- (Adaptation, is, trait shaped by natural selection that increases fitness)
- (Adaptation, results from, cumulative effects of natural selection)
- (Directional selection, favors, one extreme phenotype)
- (Stabilizing selection, favors, intermediate phenotypes)
- (Disruptive selection, favors, extreme phenotypes at both ends)
- (Balancing selection, maintains, genetic diversity)
- (Sexual selection, is, selection arising from differences in mating success)
- (Sexual selection, can act on, traits involved in mate choice)
- (Sexual selection, can act on, traits involved in mate competition)
- (Kin selection, is, selection favoring traits that improve relatives’ fitness)
- (Kin selection, underlies, evolution of altruism toward relatives)

### 3.2 Genetic drift

- (Genetic drift, is, random change in allele frequencies)
- (Genetic drift, is stronger in, small populations)
- (Genetic drift, can lead to, loss of alleles)
- (Genetic drift, can lead to, fixation of alleles)
- (Genetic drift, can reduce, genetic variation)
- (Bottleneck effect, is, reduction in population size leading to strong drift)
- (Founder effect, is, drift caused by small group founding new population)

### 3.3 Mutation

- (Mutation, is, change in DNA sequence)
- (Mutation, is ultimate source of, new genetic variation)
- (Mutation, can be, beneficial)
- (Mutation, can be, neutral)
- (Mutation, can be, deleterious)
- (Mutation rate, influences, rate of introduction of new alleles)
- (Point mutation, changes, single nucleotide)
- (Insertion mutation, adds, DNA segment)
- (Deletion mutation, removes, DNA segment)
- (Duplication, copies, DNA segment or gene)
- (Gene duplication, allows, evolution of new gene functions)
- (Chromosomal rearrangement, alters, structure or number of chromosomes)

### 3.4 Gene flow (migration)

- (Gene flow, is, movement of alleles between populations)
- (Gene flow, occurs via, migration of individuals)
- (Gene flow, occurs via, dispersal of gametes)
- (Gene flow, can introduce, new alleles into population)
- (Gene flow, tends to, reduce genetic differences between populations)
- (Reduced gene flow, facilitates, population divergence)

### 3.5 Non-random mating

- (Non-random mating, is, mating pattern where partners are chosen by specific criteria)
- (Assortative mating, is, preference for similar partners)
- (Disassortative mating, is, preference for dissimilar partners)
- (Inbreeding, increases, homozygosity)
- (Inbreeding, can expose, deleterious recessive alleles)
- (Non-random mating, can change, genotype frequencies)
- (Non-random mating, does not necessarily change, allele frequencies directly)

---

## 4. Microevolution and macroevolution

- (Microevolution, is, evolutionary change within populations)
- (Microevolution, involves, changes in allele frequencies)
- (Macroevolution, is, large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes)
- (Macroevolution, includes, origin of new species)
- (Macroevolution, includes, extinction patterns)
- (Macroevolution, includes, major transitions in complexity)
- (Microevolution, over long time scales, produces, macroevolution)
- (Speciation, is, process by which new species arise)

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## 5. Speciation

- (Species, is, group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others)  
  (note: this is the biological species concept; other concepts exist)
- (Speciation, requires, evolution of reproductive isolation)
- (Reproductive isolation, prevents, gene flow between populations)
- (Reproductive isolation, can be, prezygotic)
- (Reproductive isolation, can be, postzygotic)

- (Prezygotic isolation, includes, behavioral isolation)
- (Prezygotic isolation, includes, temporal isolation)
- (Prezygotic isolation, includes, ecological isolation)
- (Prezygotic isolation, includes, mechanical isolation)
- (Prezygotic isolation, includes, gametic isolation)

- (Postzygotic isolation, includes, hybrid inviability)
- (Postzygotic isolation, includes, hybrid sterility)
- (Postzygotic isolation, includes, hybrid breakdown)

### Modes of speciation

- (Allopatric speciation, occurs via, geographic isolation)
- (Allopatric speciation, involves, divergence of separated populations)
- (Peripatric speciation, involves, small peripheral isolate diverging)
- (Parapatric speciation, occurs via, divergence along environmental gradient with limited gene flow)
- (Sympatric speciation, occurs, without geographic separation)
- (Sympatric speciation, can involve, disruptive selection)
- (Sympatric speciation, can involve, host-plant shifts)
- (Sympatric speciation in plants, can be driven by, polyploidy)
- (Hybrid speciation, involves, formation of new species from hybrids)

---

## 6. Phylogeny and common descent

- (Evolutionary theory, posits, common descent of all life)
- (Common descent, means, all living organisms share common ancestors)
- (Phylogeny, is, evolutionary history of a group)
- (Phylogenetic tree, represents, hypothesized relationships among taxa)
- (Branches of phylogenetic tree, represent, lineages over time)
- (Nodes of phylogenetic tree, represent, common ancestors)
- (Clade, is, group containing ancestor and all its descendants)
- (Cladistics, is, method for reconstructing phylogenies using shared derived characters)
- (Shared derived character, is, trait unique to specific clade)
- (Molecular phylogenetics, infers, relationships using DNA or protein sequences)
- (Homology, is, similarity due to common ancestry)
- (Analogy (homoplasy), is, similarity due to convergent evolution or reversal)
- (Convergent evolution, is, independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages)
- (Parallel evolution, is, similar evolution in related lineages under similar selection)

---

## 7. Major patterns and concepts

- (Tree of life, depicts, branching pattern of life’s diversification)
- (Common ancestry, implies, hierarchical pattern of shared traits)
- (Gradualism, describes, evolutionary change occurring gradually)
- (Punctuated equilibrium, describes, long stasis interrupted by rapid change)
- (Morphological evolution, includes, changes in body form)
- (Molecular evolution, includes, changes in DNA and proteins)
- (Macroevolutionary trends, can involve, increases or decreases in complexity)
- (Exaptation, is, trait co-opted for new function)
- (Exaptation, illustrates, reuse of existing features)
- (Constraint, limits, range of possible evolutionary outcomes)
- (Developmental constraints, arise from, structure of developmental systems)
- (Historical contingency, means, evolution depends on prior events)

---

## 8. Origin of variation and novelty

- (New traits, evolve from, modification of existing traits)
- (New genes, can arise from, gene duplication)
- (New genes, can arise from, exon shuffling)
- (New genes, can arise from, horizontal gene transfer)
- (New genes, can arise from, de novo evolution from noncoding DNA)
- (Regulatory changes, can alter, timing and location of gene expression)
- (Changes in gene regulation, can produce, large morphological differences)
- (Developmental biology, informs, how small genetic changes affect form)
- (Evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology), studies, interplay of development and evolution)
- (Modular organization of development, enables, reuse of genetic circuits)
- (Hox genes, control, body plan patterning in animals)
- (Changes in Hox gene expression, contribute to, macroevolutionary changes in morphology)

---

## 9. Life history evolution

- (Life history traits, include, age at maturity)
- (Life history traits, include, number of offspring)
- (Life history traits, include, lifespan)
- (Life history traits, include, investment in reproduction vs survival)
- (Life history traits, are shaped by, natural selection)
- (Trade-offs, occur between, reproduction and survival)
- (r-selected species, emphasize, high reproduction and low parental investment)
- (K-selected species, emphasize, lower reproduction and high parental investment)
- (Optimality models, predict, trait values that maximize fitness under constraints)

---

## 10. Social evolution and cooperation

- (Social behaviors, include, cooperation)
- (Social behaviors, include, altruism)
- (Social behaviors, include, conflict)
- (Altruism, is, behavior that reduces actor’s fitness and increases recipient’s fitness)
- (Kin selection, explains, evolution of altruism among relatives)
- (Hamilton’s rule, states, rb > c for altruism to evolve)
- (r, represents, genetic relatedness)
- (b, represents, benefit to recipient)
- (c, represents, cost to actor)
- (Reciprocal altruism, is, cooperation based on repeated interactions)
- (Group selection, involves, selection operating at group level)
- (Multilevel selection, considers, selection at multiple hierarchical levels)
- (Inclusive fitness, is, direct fitness plus indirect fitness via relatives)

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## 11. Human evolution (brief)

- (Humans, share common ancestor with, other apes)
- (Hominins, are, lineage including humans and extinct close relatives)
- (Human lineage, diverged from, chimpanzee lineage about 5–7 million years ago)
- (Fossil record, documents, sequence of hominin species)
- (Bipedalism, evolved early in, hominin evolution)
- (Brain size, increased during, later hominin evolution)
- (Tool use, is present in, several hominin species)
- (Modern humans (Homo sapiens), evolved in, Africa)
- (Modern humans, show, genetic evidence of African origin)
- (Modern humans, interbred with, Neanderthals)
- (Modern humans, interbred with, Denisovans)
- (Human genetic variation, is structured by, geographic history and migration)
- (Human evolution, continues, under current environmental and cultural conditions)

---

## 12. Evidence for evolution

### 12.1 Fossil record

- (Fossil record, provides, chronological record of past life)
- (Fossil record, shows, appearance and extinction of species)
- (Fossil record, shows, transitional forms between major groups)
- (Radiometric dating, allows, estimation of fossil ages)
- (Stratigraphy, orders, rock layers by relative age)
- (Fossils, support, gradual change within lineages)
- (Fossils, support, branching patterns of diversification)
- (Fossil whales, document, transition from terrestrial to fully aquatic mammals)
- (Fossil hominins, document, stages of human evolution)
- (Fossil horses, document, change in size, teeth, and limb morphology over time)

### 12.2 Comparative anatomy and morphology

- (Homologous structures, indicate, common ancestry)
- (Vestigial structures, indicate, traits inherited from ancestors but reduced in function)
- (Analogous structures, indicate, convergent evolution)
- (Comparative embryology, reveals, shared developmental stages)
- (Shared developmental patterns, reflect, common ancestry)

### 12.3 Molecular and genetic evidence

- (DNA, encodes, genetic information in almost all life)
- (Genetic code, is, nearly universal across organisms)
- (Universality of genetic code, supports, common ancestry)
- (Molecular phylogenies, recapitulate, relationships inferred from morphology)
- (Sequence similarity, correlates with, relatedness)
- (Endogenous retroviruses, provide, markers of common ancestry)
- (Molecular clocks, estimate, divergence times from sequence differences)
- (Pseudogenes, are, nonfunctional gene copies inherited from ancestors)
- (Shared pseudogenes, support, common ancestry of species)
- (Genome comparisons, reveal, patterns of duplication and rearrangement consistent with evolution)

### 12.4 Biogeography

- (Biogeography, studies, distribution of species across space and time)
- (Endemic species, are, species restricted to specific regions)
- (Island faunas, show, evidence of colonization and adaptive radiation)
- (Continental drift, explains, historical connections among biotas)
- (Biogeographic patterns, support, descent with modification)

### 12.5 Observed evolution

- (Evolution, is observed in, laboratory experiments)
- (Evolution, is observed in, natural populations)
- (Bacterial populations, evolve, antibiotic resistance)
- (Viruses, evolve, resistance to antiviral drugs)
- (Insects, evolve, resistance to pesticides)
- (Artificial selection, demonstrates, power of selection to shape traits)
- (Domesticated plants, are, products of artificial selection)
- (Domesticated animals, are, products of artificial selection)
- (Long-term evolution experiments, reveal, dynamics of adaptation and diversification)

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## 13. Historical development of evolutionary theory

- (Pre-Darwinian ideas, recognized, change in life forms)
- (Darwin, proposed, natural selection as mechanism of evolution)
- (Wallace, independently proposed, natural selection)
- (Darwin, published, “On the Origin of Species” in 1859)
- (Darwin, emphasized, common descent)
- (Darwin, lacked, modern genetics)
- (Mendel, discovered, particulate inheritance)
- (Modern synthesis, integrated, Mendelian genetics with Darwinian selection)
- (Modern synthesis, developed, population genetics framework)
- (Modern synthesis, emphasized, gradual accumulation of small changes)
- (Neutral theory, proposed, many molecular changes are selectively neutral)
- (Neutral theory, emphasizes, role of genetic drift at molecular level)
- (Evo-devo, expanded, focus on developmental genetics in evolution)
- (Extended evolutionary synthesis (debated), explores, additional processes and perspectives)

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## 14. Misconceptions and clarifications

- (Evolution, does not mean, progress toward predetermined goal)
- (Evolution, does not imply, “higher” or “lower” organisms in objective sense)
- (Natural selection, is not, random)
- (Mutation, is, random with respect to fitness effects)
- (Evolution, does not necessarily produce, perfect adaptations)
- (Evolution, operates on, existing variation)
- (Evolution, is compatible with, nested hierarchies of similarity)
- (Individuals, do not evolve, populations evolve)
- (Evolution, is not, “just a theory” in colloquial sense)
- (Scientific theory, is, well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena)

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## 15. Constraints, contingency, and limits

- (Evolution, is constrained by, physical laws)
- (Evolution, is constrained by, developmental systems)
- (Evolution, is constrained by, historical pathways)
- (Trade-offs, limit, optimization of traits)
- (Pleiotropy, links, multiple traits to single genes)
- (Epistasis, describes, interactions among genes)
- (Fitness landscape, represents, mapping from genotypes to fitness)
- (Populations, can get trapped on, local fitness peaks)
- (Contingency, implies, different historical events could yield different outcomes)

---

## 16. Evolution and ecology

- (Evolution, interacts with, ecological processes)
- (Ecology, shapes, selective pressures)
- (Co-evolution, is, reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species)
- (Predator-prey interaction, can drive, arms races)
- (Host-parasite interaction, can drive, rapid coevolution)
- (Mutualism, can drive, co-adaptation of partners)
- (Adaptive radiation, is, rapid diversification into ecological niches)
- (Ecological opportunity, promotes, adaptive radiation)
- (Niche construction, is, modification of environment by organisms)
- (Niche construction, can alter,
