Here is a broad knowledge graph about the theory of evolution, expressed as **(subject, predicate, object)** triples.

I’ll keep the predicates fairly readable and reuse them consistently. This is not literally “everything,” but it is a wide survey covering history, mechanisms, genetics, speciation, evidence, major concepts, debates, and some common misconceptions.

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## Core definition and scope

- (theory of evolution, is, scientific theory)
- (scientific theory, means, well-supported explanatory framework)
- (theory of evolution, explains, change in heritable traits of populations over generations)
- (theory of evolution, concerns, populations rather than individuals)
- (biological evolution, involves, descent with modification)
- (descent with modification, means, offspring differ from ancestors)
- (theory of evolution, includes, common descent)
- (common descent, states, all life shares ancestors)
- (theory of evolution, includes, mechanisms of evolutionary change)
- (theory of evolution, includes, patterns in the history of life)
- (theory of evolution, does not claim, individuals evolve during their lifetimes)
- (individual organisms, can, develop)
- (populations, can, evolve)

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## Historical foundations

- (Charles Darwin, proposed, natural selection)
- (Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed, natural selection)
- (Darwin and Wallace, announced, theory of natural selection)
- (Darwin, wrote, On the Origin of Species)
- (On the Origin of Species, was published in, 1859)
- (Darwin, emphasized, descent with modification)
- (Darwin, lacked, modern genetic mechanism)
- (Gregor Mendel, discovered, particulate inheritance)
- (Mendelian inheritance, helped explain, how traits are transmitted)
- (modern synthesis, integrated, Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics)
- (modern synthesis, developed in, 20th century)
- (Ronald Fisher, contributed to, population genetics)
- (J. B. S. Haldane, contributed to, population genetics)
- (Sewall Wright, contributed to, population genetics)
- (Theodosius Dobzhansky, linked, genetics with natural populations)
- (Ernst Mayr, contributed to, speciation theory)
- (George Gaylord Simpson, integrated, paleontology with evolution)
- (G. Ledyard Stebbins, integrated, botany with modern synthesis)
- (molecular evolution, expanded, evolutionary theory)
- (neutral theory, was proposed by, Motoo Kimura)

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## Units and levels

- (evolution, is measured as, change in allele frequencies)
- (allele frequency, refers to, proportion of a variant in a population)
- (population genetics, studies, genetic change in populations)
- (gene, is, hereditary unit)
- (allele, is, variant of a gene)
- (genotype, refers to, genetic constitution)
- (phenotype, refers to, observable characteristics)
- (phenotype, results from, genotype and environment)
- (natural selection, acts on, phenotypes)
- (evolutionary change, depends on, heritable variation)
- (heritability, concerns, transmission of trait variation from parents to offspring)
- (selection, can affect, genes indirectly through phenotypes)
- (evolution, can occur at, gene level)
- (evolution, can occur at, organismal level)
- (evolution, can occur at, population level)
- (selection, can operate at, multiple biological levels)
- (group selection, remains, debated in scope and importance)
- (inclusive fitness theory, explains, evolution of some social behaviors)

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## Main mechanisms of evolution

- (main mechanisms of evolution, include, mutation)
- (main mechanisms of evolution, include, natural selection)
- (main mechanisms of evolution, include, genetic drift)
- (main mechanisms of evolution, include, gene flow)
- (main mechanisms of evolution, include, recombination)
- (some accounts of mechanisms, also include, non-random mating)

### Mutation

- (mutation, is, change in DNA sequence)
- (mutation, creates, new genetic variation)
- (mutation, can be, beneficial)
- (mutation, can be, neutral)
- (mutation, can be, deleterious)
- (mutation, occurs without regard to, organismal need)
- (mutation, is not, directed toward adaptation)
- (point mutation, affects, single nucleotide)
- (insertion mutation, adds, nucleotides)
- (deletion mutation, removes, nucleotides)
- (duplication mutation, copies, DNA segments)
- (chromosomal rearrangement, alters, chromosome structure)
- (gene duplication, can facilitate, evolutionary innovation)
- (mutation rate, influences, pace of genetic novelty)

### Recombination

- (recombination, shuffles, genetic variants)
- (recombination, occurs during, meiosis)
- (recombination, creates, new allele combinations)
- (recombination, does not usually create, new alleles directly)
- (sexual reproduction, increases, genetic mixing)

### Natural selection

- (natural selection, requires, variation)
- (natural selection, requires, heritability)
- (natural selection, requires, differential reproductive success)
- (natural selection, leads to, adaptation)
- (adaptation, is, trait or process improving fitness in a context)
- (fitness, refers to, reproductive success relative to others)
- (natural selection, can be, directional)
- (natural selection, can be, stabilizing)
- (natural selection, can be, disruptive)
- (directional selection, favors, one extreme phenotype)
- (stabilizing selection, favors, intermediate phenotypes)
- (disruptive selection, favors, multiple extreme phenotypes)
- (selection pressure, arises from, environmental conditions)
- (selection, can be, frequency-dependent)
- (positive frequency-dependent selection, favors, common variants)
- (negative frequency-dependent selection, favors, rare variants)
- (natural selection, is not, random)
- (variation supplied to selection, can arise randomly with respect to fitness)
- (selection, can be, weak)
- (selection, can be, strong)

### Sexual selection

- (sexual selection, is, form of natural selection)
- (sexual selection, arises from, differential mating success)
- (sexual selection, can involve, mate choice)
- (sexual selection, can involve, competition for mates)
- (sexual dimorphism, can result from, sexual selection)
- (sexual selection, may favor, traits that reduce survival but increase mating success)

### Genetic drift

- (genetic drift, is, random change in allele frequencies)
- (genetic drift, is strongest in, small populations)
- (genetic drift, can fix, neutral alleles)
- (genetic drift, can remove, beneficial alleles by chance)
- (genetic drift, reduces, genetic variation within populations)
- (genetic drift, increases, divergence among populations)
- (founder effect, is, form of genetic drift)
- (founder effect, occurs when, new population starts from few individuals)
- (population bottleneck, is, drastic reduction in population size)
- (population bottleneck, intensifies, genetic drift)

### Gene flow

- (gene flow, is, movement of alleles between populations)
- (gene flow, can reduce, genetic differences among populations)
- (migration, causes, gene flow)
- (gene flow, can introduce, new variation into a population)
- (gene flow, can hinder, local adaptation)
- (gene flow, can facilitate, spread of advantageous alleles)

### Non-random mating

- (non-random mating, alters, genotype frequencies)
- (assortative mating, is, non-random mating based on similarity)
- (disassortative mating, is, non-random mating based on dissimilarity)
- (inbreeding, increases, homozygosity)
- (inbreeding, can increase, expression of deleterious recessive alleles)
- (non-random mating, does not necessarily change, allele frequencies by itself)

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## Population genetics and formal principles

- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, describes, null model of genetic stability)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, assumes, no mutation)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, assumes, no selection)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, assumes, no drift)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, assumes, no gene flow)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, assumes, random mating)
- (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, predicts, constant allele frequencies across generations)
- (deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, can indicate, evolutionary forces)
- (population genetics, uses, mathematical models)
- (selection coefficient, measures, strength of selection)
- (effective population size, differs from, census population size)
- (effective population size, affects, drift and selection)
- (fixation, means, allele frequency reaches one)
- (loss of an allele, means, allele frequency reaches zero)
- (polymorphism, means, multiple variants persist in a population)

---

## Adaptation and fitness

- (adaptation, can refer to, process of becoming better suited)
- (adaptation, can refer to, trait produced by selection)
- (adaptations, are, context-dependent)
- (fitness, is, environment-dependent)
- (trait advantage, can change when, environment changes)
- (trade-offs, constrain, adaptation)
- (no organism, is, perfectly adapted to all environments)
- (selection, optimizes, relative success not absolute perfection)
- (evolution, works with, existing variation and constraints)
- (historical contingency, influences, evolutionary outcomes)
- (exaptation, is, trait co-opted for new function)
- (feathers, may have originated for, insulation or display)
- (feathers, later contributed to, flight)
- (vestigial traits, are, reduced remnants of ancestral traits)
- (vestigial structures, provide evidence for, evolution)

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## Speciation

- (speciation, is, formation of new species)
- (speciation, often involves, reproductive isolation)
- (reproductive isolation, limits, gene flow between populations)
- (species concepts, are, multiple and sometimes context-dependent)
- (biological species concept, defines species by, reproductive isolation)
- (morphological species concept, defines species by, physical form)
- (phylogenetic species concept, defines species by, diagnosable lineage)
- (allopatric speciation, occurs after, geographic isolation)
- (sympatric speciation, occurs without, geographic separation)
- (parapatric speciation, occurs across, adjacent populations)
- (peripatric speciation, involves, small isolated peripheral populations)
- (prezygotic isolation, occurs before, fertilization)
- (postzygotic isolation, occurs after, fertilization)
- (prezygotic barriers, include, habitat isolation)
- (prezygotic barriers, include, temporal isolation)
- (prezygotic barriers, include, behavioral isolation)
- (prezygotic barriers, include, mechanical isolation)
- (prezygotic barriers, include, gametic isolation)
- (postzygotic barriers, include, hybrid inviability)
- (postzygotic barriers, include, hybrid sterility)
- (postzygotic barriers, include, hybrid breakdown)
- (reinforcement, strengthens, prezygotic isolation)
- (hybrid zones, can reveal, incomplete reproductive isolation)
- (polyploidy, can cause, rapid speciation in plants)
- (speciation, can be driven by, natural selection)
- (speciation, can be influenced by, drift)
- (speciation, can involve, sexual selection)

---

## Macroevolution

- (macroevolution, studies, large-scale evolutionary patterns)
- (macroevolution, includes, origin of major groups)
- (macroevolution, includes, extinction patterns)
- (macroevolution, includes, diversification rates)
- (microevolution, concerns, small-scale changes within populations)
- (microevolution and macroevolution, are linked by, cumulative processes over time)
- (adaptive radiation, is, rapid diversification from a common ancestor)
- (adaptive radiation, often follows, ecological opportunity)
- (convergent evolution, produces, similar traits in unrelated lineages)
- (analogous traits, arise through, convergent evolution)
- (homologous traits, arise through, common ancestry)
- (divergent evolution, leads to, increasing differences among related lineages)
- (parallel evolution, involves, similar changes in related lineages)
- (coevolution, is, reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species)
- (punctuated equilibrium, proposes, long stasis interrupted by relatively rapid change)
- (punctuated equilibrium, does not deny, gradual evolution at smaller scales)
- (mass extinction, reshapes, evolutionary history)
- (extinction, removes, lineages)
- (extinction, can open, ecological niches)
- (ecological niche, refers to, organismal role and resource use)

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## Phylogeny and common descent

- (phylogeny, is, evolutionary history of lineages)
- (phylogenetic tree, represents, hypotheses of relationships)
- (nodes in a phylogenetic tree, represent, common ancestors)
- (sister taxa, share, immediate common ancestor)
- (clade, consists of, ancestor and all descendants)
- (monophyletic group, is, clade)
- (paraphyletic group, excludes, some descendants of common ancestor)
- (polyphyletic group, combines, lineages without recent common ancestor)
- (systematics, studies, biological diversity and relationships)
- (cladistics, classifies organisms by, shared derived characters)
- (synapomorphy, is, shared derived trait)
- (homoplasy, is, similarity not due to common ancestry)
- (molecular phylogenetics, uses, DNA and protein sequences)
- (phylogenetic inference, uses, comparative data)
- (common descent, predicts, nested hierarchical patterns)
- (life, exhibits, nested hierarchy)
- (nested hierarchy, supports, common ancestry)

---

## Genetics and molecular evolution

- (DNA, stores, hereditary information)
- (RNA, can carry, genetic information in some viruses)
- (genetic code, links, nucleotide triplets to amino acids)
- (genes, encode, functional products)
- (proteins, often perform, cellular functions)
- (regulatory sequences, influence, gene expression)
- (evo-devo, studies, evolution of development)
- (developmental genes, can be, highly conserved)
- (Hox genes, pattern, body plans)
- (changes in gene regulation, can produce, major morphological effects)
- (gene duplication, can lead to, neofunctionalization)
- (subfunctionalization, can follow, gene duplication)
- (molecular clock, estimates, divergence times from sequence change)
- (molecular clock, requires, calibration)
- (neutral mutations, are, not strongly affected by selection)
- (neutral theory, states, many molecular changes are neutral)
- (nearly neutral theory, emphasizes, slight deleterious or advantageous effects)
- (purifying selection, removes, deleterious variants)
- (positive selection, increases, advantageous variants)
- (balancing selection, maintains, multiple alleles)
- (heterozygote advantage, is, form of balancing selection)
- (sickle-cell trait, illustrates, heterozygote advantage in malarial regions)
- (linkage, means, nearby loci tend to be inherited together)
- (selective sweep, reduces, nearby variation around beneficial allele)
- (background selection, removes, linked neutral variation near deleterious alleles)
- (epistasis, is, interaction among genes affecting phenotype)
- (pleiotropy, means, one gene affects multiple traits)
- (genetic architecture, influences, evolutionary trajectories)

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## Development, constraints, and evolvability

- (developmental constraints, limit, range of possible phenotypes)
- (physical constraints, limit, viable forms)
- (functional constraints, arise from, trade-offs among trait uses)
- (evolvability, refers to, capacity to generate adaptive variation)
- (modularity, can enhance, evolvability)
- (phenotypic plasticity, is, ability of one genotype to produce different phenotypes)
- (plasticity, can influence, evolutionary dynamics)
- (canalization, is, buffering of development against perturbation)

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## Ecology and evolution

- (ecology, interacts with, evolution)
- (selection pressures, emerge from, ecological interactions)
- (predation, can drive, selection)
- (competition, can drive, selection)
- (parasitism, can drive, coevolution)
- (mutualism, can influence, evolutionary trajectories)
- (niche construction, is, modification of environment by organisms)
- (niche construction, can alter, selection pressures)
- (climate change, can shift, selection regimes)
- (range expansion, can alter, evolutionary dynamics)

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## Human evolution

- (humans, are, primates)
- (humans, share common ancestry with, other apes)
- (humans and chimpanzees, share, relatively recent common ancestor)
- (human evolution, did not proceed from, modern chimpanzees)
- (human lineage, includes, multiple hominin species)
- (Australopithecus, is, hominin genus)
- (Homo habilis, is, early Homo species)
- (Homo erectus, is, widespread hominin species)
- (Neanderthals, are, close relatives of modern humans)
- (Denisovans, are, archaic human group)
- (Homo sapiens, originated in, Africa)
- (modern humans, dispersed from, Africa)
- (modern humans, interbred with, Neanderthals)
- (modern humans, interbred with, Denisovans)
- (human evolution, includes changes in, bipedalism)
- (human evolution, includes changes in, brain size)
- (human evolution, includes changes in, diet and social behavior)

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## Origin of life and relation to evolution

- (theory of evolution, does not directly explain, origin of life)
- (abiogenesis, studies, origin of life from nonliving chemistry)
- (evolutionary theory, applies once, heritable replicating systems exist)
- (common descent, concerns, diversification after earliest life arose)

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## Evidence for evolution

### Fossil evidence

- (fossil record, documents, change through time)
- (fossils, provide, evidence of extinct organisms)
- (stratigraphy, orders, rock layers in time)
- (radiometric dating, estimates, ages of rocks and fossils)
- (transitional fossils, show, intermediate features)
