Below is a broad set of `(subject, predicate, object)` triples about the theory of evolution.

## Core definition

1. `(evolution, is, change in heritable traits of populations over generations)`
2. `(biological evolution, concerns, populations rather than individual organisms)`
3. `(evolutionary theory, explains, diversity of life)`
4. `(evolutionary theory, explains, adaptation)`
5. `(evolutionary theory, explains, common ancestry)`
6. `(evolutionary theory, is, a central framework of modern biology)`
7. `(evolution, occurs through, changes in allele frequencies)`
8. `(allele frequency, means, relative abundance of a gene variant in a population)`
9. `(heritable variation, is required for, evolution)`
10. `(differential reproductive success, contributes to, evolution)`

## Historical development

11. `(Charles Darwin, proposed, natural selection as a mechanism of evolution)`
12. `(Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed, natural selection)`
13. `(Darwin and Wallace, presented, natural selection in 1858)`
14. `(Charles Darwin, published, On the Origin of Species in 1859)`
15. `(On the Origin of Species, argued for, descent with modification)`
16. `(descent with modification, means, species change from ancestral forms over time)`
17. `(Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, proposed, an early evolutionary theory)`
18. `(Lamarckian inheritance, claims, acquired traits can be inherited)`
19. `(modern genetics, largely rejected, inheritance of acquired traits as a general mechanism)`
20. `(Gregor Mendel, discovered, basic laws of inheritance)`
21. `(Mendelian genetics, helped explain, how variation is inherited)`
22. `(modern synthesis, combined, Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics)`
23. `(modern synthesis, developed during, early twentieth century)`
24. `(population genetics, provided, mathematical foundation for evolutionary theory)`
25. `(Ronald Fisher, contributed to, population genetics)`
26. `(J. B. S. Haldane, contributed to, population genetics)`
27. `(Sewall Wright, contributed to, population genetics)`
28. `(Theodosius Dobzhansky, helped integrate, genetics and evolution)`
29. `(Ernst Mayr, contributed to, speciation theory)`
30. `(George Gaylord Simpson, connected, paleontology and evolution)`

## Mechanisms of evolution

31. `(natural selection, is, differential survival and reproduction due to heritable variation)`
32. `(natural selection, acts on, phenotypes)`
33. `(natural selection, changes, genotype frequencies indirectly)`
34. `(phenotype, is influenced by, genotype)`
35. `(phenotype, is influenced by, environment)`
36. `(mutation, creates, new genetic variation)`
37. `(mutation, can be, beneficial)`
38. `(mutation, can be, neutral)`
39. `(mutation, can be, harmful)`
40. `(mutation, occurs, randomly with respect to organismal need)`
41. `(genetic drift, is, random change in allele frequencies)`
42. `(genetic drift, is strongest in, small populations)`
43. `(bottleneck effect, is, genetic drift after severe population reduction)`
44. `(founder effect, is, genetic drift after colonization by few individuals)`
45. `(gene flow, is, movement of alleles between populations)`
46. `(migration, can cause, gene flow)`
47. `(gene flow, can reduce, genetic differences between populations)`
48. `(gene flow, can introduce, new alleles into populations)`
49. `(sexual selection, is, selection related to mating success)`
50. `(sexual selection, can produce, exaggerated traits)`
51. `(sexual selection, includes, mate choice)`
52. `(sexual selection, includes, competition for mates)`
53. `(recombination, reshuffles, genetic variation)`
54. `(meiosis, produces, gametes)`
55. `(meiosis, generates, genetic combinations through crossing over and independent assortment)`
56. `(nonrandom mating, can alter, genotype frequencies)`
57. `(assortative mating, is, mating between similar individuals)`
58. `(inbreeding, increases, homozygosity)`
59. `(selection, drift, mutation, and gene flow, are, major evolutionary mechanisms)`

## Natural selection

60. `(natural selection, requires, variation)`
61. `(natural selection, requires, heritability)`
62. `(natural selection, requires, differential reproductive success)`
63. `(fitness, means, reproductive success relative to others in a population)`
64. `(fitness, depends on, environment)`
65. `(fitness, is not identical to, physical strength)`
66. `(adaptation, is, heritable trait that improves fitness in a particular environment)`
67. `(adaptation, results from, natural selection)`
68. `(selection pressure, is, environmental factor influencing survival or reproduction)`
69. `(directional selection, favors, one extreme phenotype)`
70. `(stabilizing selection, favors, intermediate phenotypes)`
71. `(disruptive selection, favors, extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes)`
72. `(balancing selection, maintains, genetic variation)`
73. `(frequency-dependent selection, depends on, trait frequency in population)`
74. `(negative frequency-dependent selection, favors, rare phenotypes)`
75. `(positive frequency-dependent selection, favors, common phenotypes)`
76. `(purifying selection, removes, deleterious variants)`
77. `(positive selection, increases, beneficial variants)`
78. `(artificial selection, is, human-directed selective breeding)`
79. `(artificial selection, demonstrates, heritable change under selection)`
80. `(antibiotic use, can impose, selection for antibiotic resistance)`
81. `(pesticide use, can impose, selection for pesticide resistance)`

## Genetic variation and inheritance

82. `(DNA, carries, genetic information)`
83. `(genes, are, hereditary units)`
84. `(alleles, are, alternative versions of genes)`
85. `(genotype, is, genetic constitution of an organism)`
86. `(phenotype, is, observable traits of an organism)`
87. `(heritable traits, can be passed to, offspring)`
88. `(mutation, changes, DNA sequence)`
89. `(point mutation, changes, a single nucleotide)`
90. `(insertion mutation, adds, DNA sequence)`
91. `(deletion mutation, removes, DNA sequence)`
92. `(duplication, copies, genetic material)`
93. `(gene duplication, can create, raw material for new gene functions)`
94. `(polyploidy, is, whole-genome duplication)`
95. `(polyploidy, is common in, plants)`
96. `(horizontal gene transfer, moves, genetic material between organisms not by parent-offspring inheritance)`
97. `(horizontal gene transfer, is important in, bacteria)`
98. `(genetic recombination, produces, new allele combinations)`
99. `(standing genetic variation, is, preexisting variation in a population)`
100. `(new mutation, can contribute to, adaptation)`
101. `(neutral mutations, can spread by, genetic drift)`
102. `(deleterious mutations, are often removed by, purifying selection)`

## Population genetics

103. `(population genetics, studies, allele frequency changes)`
104. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, describes, allele and genotype frequencies without evolutionary forces)`
105. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, requires, no selection)`
106. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, requires, no mutation)`
107. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, requires, no migration)`
108. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, requires, random mating)`
109. `(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, requires, very large population size)`
110. `(deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, can indicate, evolutionary processes)`
111. `(effective population size, influences, strength of genetic drift)`
112. `(small effective population size, increases, random allele frequency change)`
113. `(selection coefficient, measures, fitness difference among genotypes)`
114. `(fixation, means, allele frequency reaching 100 percent)`
115. `(loss, means, allele frequency reaching 0 percent)`
116. `(beneficial allele, can become, fixed)`
117. `(neutral allele, can become, fixed by drift)`
118. `(deleterious allele, can persist due to, mutation-selection balance)`
119. `(linkage disequilibrium, is, nonrandom association of alleles at different loci)`
120. `(recombination, reduces, linkage disequilibrium)`

## Speciation

121. `(speciation, is, formation of new species)`
122. `(species, are often defined by, reproductive isolation)`
123. `(biological species concept, defines species as, groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others)`
124. `(reproductive isolation, prevents, gene flow)`
125. `(prezygotic isolation, prevents, fertilization)`
126. `(postzygotic isolation, reduces, hybrid viability or fertility)`
127. `(allopatric speciation, occurs through, geographic isolation)`
128. `(sympatric speciation, occurs without, geographic separation)`
129. `(parapatric speciation, occurs with, adjacent populations and limited gene flow)`
130. `(peripatric speciation, occurs when, small peripheral population becomes isolated)`
131. `(adaptive radiation, is, rapid diversification into many ecological forms)`
132. `(island colonization, can lead to, adaptive radiation)`
133. `(ecological divergence, can promote, reproductive isolation)`
134. `(sexual selection, can contribute to, speciation)`
135. `(hybridization, can contribute to, speciation)`
136. `(polyploidy, can cause, rapid speciation in plants)`
137. `(ring species, illustrate, gradual divergence around geographic barriers)`
138. `(species boundaries, can be, fuzzy)`
139. `(speciation, is often, gradual)`
140. `(speciation, can sometimes be, rapid)`

## Common ancestry and phylogeny

141. `(common descent, states, living organisms share ancestors)`
142. `(universal common ancestry, proposes, all known life descends from a common ancestral population)`
143. `(last universal common ancestor, is abbreviated as, LUCA)`
144. `(LUCA, was, an ancestral population rather than necessarily a single individual)`
145. `(phylogeny, is, evolutionary history of lineages)`
146. `(phylogenetic tree, represents, relationships among lineages)`
147. `(clade, is, ancestor and all its descendants)`
148. `(monophyletic group, is, a clade)`
149. `(paraphyletic group, excludes, some descendants of a common ancestor)`
150. `(polyphyletic group, groups organisms by, similarity not due to immediate common ancestry)`
151. `(homology, is, similarity due to common ancestry)`
152. `(analogy, is, similarity due to convergent evolution)`
153. `(convergent evolution, produces, similar traits in unrelated lineages)`
154. `(divergent evolution, produces, differences among related lineages)`
155. `(vestigial structures, are, reduced remnants of ancestral traits)`
156. `(molecular phylogenetics, uses, DNA or protein sequences)`
157. `(shared derived traits, help identify, clades)`
158. `(outgroup comparison, helps infer, ancestral and derived traits)`
159. `(gene trees, may differ from, species trees)`
160. `(incomplete lineage sorting, can cause, discordance among gene trees)`

## Evidence for evolution

161. `(fossils, provide, evidence for past life forms)`
162. `(fossil record, shows, changes in organisms through geological time)`
163. `(transitional fossils, show, combinations of ancestral and derived traits)`
164. `(Tiktaalik, is, a transitional fossil between fish-like and tetrapod-like forms)`
165. `(Archaeopteryx, shows, traits of dinosaurs and birds)`
166. `(whale fossils, document, transition from terrestrial ancestors to aquatic whales)`
167. `(horse fossils, document, evolutionary change in body size and teeth)`
168. `(biogeography, supports, evolution through geographic distribution patterns)`
169. `(island species, often resemble, mainland relatives)`
170. `(endemic species, often arise through, isolation and evolution)`
171. `(comparative anatomy, provides, evidence for common ancestry)`
172. `(homologous structures, indicate, common ancestry)`
173. `(vertebrate forelimbs, are, homologous structures)`
174. `(embryology, provides, evidence for shared ancestry)`
175. `(molecular biology, provides, evidence for evolution)`
176. `(DNA sequence similarity, reflects, evolutionary relatedness)`
177. `(pseudogenes, provide, evidence for shared ancestry)`
178. `(endogenous retroviruses, can mark, common ancestry)`
179. `(chromosome fusion in humans, supports, common ancestry with other apes)`
180. `(observed evolution, includes, antibiotic resistance)`
181. `(observed evolution, includes, pesticide resistance)`
182. `(observed evolution, includes, laboratory evolution experiments)`
183. `(Lenski long-term evolution experiment, studies, evolution in Escherichia coli)`
184. `(Lenski experiment, observed, adaptation and novel traits in bacteria)`
185. `(artificial selection, provides, experimental evidence for evolutionary change)`
186. `(comparative genomics, confirms, nested patterns of relatedness)`
187. `(radiometric dating, helps determine, ages of fossils and rocks)`
188. `(geology, provides, temporal context for evolution)`

## Fossils and geological time

189. `(fossilization, is, preservation of remains or traces of organisms)`
190. `(fossil record, is, incomplete)`
191. `(fossil record, is biased toward, organisms with hard parts)`
192. `(stratigraphy, studies, rock layers)`
193. `(older rock layers, are generally found, below younger layers in undisturbed strata)`
194. `(radiometric dating, uses, radioactive decay)`
195. `(half-life, is, time for half of a radioactive isotope to decay)`
196. `(Earth, is approximately, 4.54 billion years old)`
197. `(earliest widely accepted life evidence, dates to, more than 3.5 billion years ago)`
198. `(Cambrian explosion, refers to, rapid diversification of many animal groups around 541 million years ago)`
199. `(mass extinctions, reshape, evolutionary trajectories)`
200. `(Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, contributed to, extinction of non-avian dinosaurs)`
201. `(non-avian dinosaur extinction, allowed, mammal diversification)`
202. `(fossils, can show, extinction)`
203. `(extinction, is, disappearance of a lineage)`
204. `(background extinction, occurs, at relatively low ongoing rates)`
205. `(mass extinction, occurs, when many lineages disappear in a geologically short interval)`

## Evolution of major groups

206. `(prokaryotes, appeared before, eukaryotes)`
207. `(eukaryotes, evolved through, complex cellular evolution)`
208. `(endosymbiotic theory, explains, origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts)`
209. `(mitochondria, descended from, bacteria-like endosymbionts)`
210. `(chloroplasts, descended from, cyanobacteria-like endosymbionts)`
211. `(multicellularity, evolved, multiple times)`
212. `(plants, evolved from, green algal ancestors)`
213. `(tetrapods, evolved from, lobe-finned fish ancestors)`
214. `(birds, evolved from, theropod dinosaurs)`
215. `(whales, evolved from, terrestrial artiodactyl ancestors)`
216. `(humans, evolved from, earlier hominin ancestors)`
217. `(humans, share common ancestry with, other apes)`
218. `(humans, did not evolve from, modern chimpanzees)`
219. `(modern humans and chimpanzees, share, a common ancestor)`
220. `(Homo sapiens, originated in, Africa)`
221. `(modern human populations, show, evidence of African origin and later dispersal)`
222. `(Neanderthals, interbred with, ancestors of some modern humans)`
223. `(Denisovans, interbred with, ancestors of some modern humans)`

## Adaptation and constraints

224. `(adaptation, is shaped by, natural selection)`
225. `(adaptation, is constrained by, historical ancestry)`
226. `(adaptation, is constrained by, genetic variation)`
227. `(adaptation, is constrained by, developmental pathways)`
228. `(adaptation, is constrained by, trade-offs)`
229. `(trade-off, means, improvement in one trait can reduce performance in another trait)`
230. `(evolution, does not produce, perfect organisms)`
231. `(natural selection, works with, available variation)`
232. `(natural selection, has no, foresight)`
233. `(evolution, is not, goal-directed)`
234. `(adaptive landscape, represents, relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness)`
235. `(local fitness peak, may limit, adaptive evolution)`
236. `(exaptation, is, trait evolved for one function later used for another function)`
237. `(bird feathers, may have originated for, insulation or display before flight)`
238. `(preadaptation, is often called, exaptation)`
239. `(constraint, can explain, suboptimal biological design)`
240. `(vestigial traits, can persist due to, weak selection or altered function)`

## Coevolution and interactions

241. `(coevolution, is, reciprocal evolutionary change among interacting species)`
242. `(predator-prey interactions, can drive, coevolution)`
243. `(host-parasite interactions, can drive, coevolution)`
244. `(plant-pollinator interactions, can drive, coevolution)`
245. `(arms race, is, escalating coevolutionary interaction)`
246. `(Red Queen hypothesis, proposes, species must continually evolve to maintain relative fitness)`
247. `(mimicry, can evolve through, natural selection)`
248. `(Batesian mimicry, involves, harmless species resembling harmful species)`
249. `(Müllerian mimicry, involves, harmful species resembling each other)`
250. `(camouflage, can reduce, detection by predators or prey)`
251. `(mutualism, can influence, evolutionary change)`
252. `(competition, can drive, niche differentiation)`
253. `(character displacement, is, divergence of traits due to competition)`

## Molecular evolution

254. `(molecular evolution, studies, evolution of DNA, RNA, and proteins)`
255. `(neutral theory, was proposed by, Motoo Kimura)`
256. `(
