Below is a broad, non-exhaustive set of factual triples about the Roman Empire.

## Identity and chronology

- (Roman Empire, was, ancient Roman state)
- (Roman Empire, developed from, Roman Republic)
- (Roman Empire, began conventionally in, 27 BCE)
- (Roman Empire, ended in the West in, 476 CE)
- (Roman Empire, continued in the East as, Byzantine Empire)
- (Eastern Roman Empire, ended in, 1453 CE)
- (Roman Empire, first emperor was, Augustus)
- (Augustus, ruled from, 27 BCE to 14 CE)
- (Roman Empire, capital originally was, Rome)
- (Roman Empire, later had eastern capital at, Constantinople)
- (Constantinople, was founded by, Constantine I)
- (Constantinople, was dedicated in, 330 CE)
- (Roman Empire, reached greatest territorial extent under, Trajan)
- (Trajan, ruled from, 98 CE to 117 CE)
- (Roman Empire, greatest extent occurred in, 117 CE)
- (Roman Empire, surrounded, Mediterranean Sea)
- (Mediterranean Sea, was called by Romans, Mare Nostrum)
- (Mare Nostrum, means, Our Sea)

## Geography

- (Roman Empire, included, Italy)
- (Roman Empire, included, Gaul)
- (Roman Empire, included, Hispania)
- (Roman Empire, included, Britannia)
- (Roman Empire, included, North Africa)
- (Roman Empire, included, Egypt)
- (Roman Empire, included, Greece)
- (Roman Empire, included, Asia Minor)
- (Roman Empire, included, Syria)
- (Roman Empire, included, Judea)
- (Roman Empire, included, parts of Mesopotamia under Trajan)
- (Roman Empire, bordered, Rhine River)
- (Roman Empire, bordered, Danube River)
- (Roman Empire, bordered, Sahara Desert)
- (Roman Empire, bordered, Atlantic Ocean)
- (Roman Empire, bordered, Persian Empire)
- (Rome, was located on, Tiber River)
- (Rome, was located in, Italy)
- (Egypt, was major grain supplier for, Rome)
- (Africa Proconsularis, was major grain supplier for, Rome)

## Political development

- (Roman Kingdom, preceded, Roman Republic)
- (Roman Republic, preceded, Roman Empire)
- (Roman Republic, ended after, civil wars)
- (Julius Caesar, was assassinated in, 44 BCE)
- (Julius Caesar’s assassination, contributed to, end of Roman Republic)
- (Octavian, defeated, Mark Antony)
- (Octavian, defeated, Cleopatra VII)
- (Battle of Actium, occurred in, 31 BCE)
- (Battle of Actium, resulted in victory for, Octavian)
- (Octavian, became, Augustus)
- (Augustus, founded, Principate)
- (Principate, was, early imperial system)
- (Dominate, was, later imperial system)
- (Diocletian, established, Tetrarchy)
- (Tetrarchy, means, rule of four)
- (Tetrarchy, divided authority among, multiple emperors)
- (Theodosius I, was last emperor to rule, united Roman Empire)
- (Theodosius I, died in, 395 CE)
- (Roman Empire, was divided permanently after, death of Theodosius I)
- (Western Roman Empire, fell in, 476 CE)
- (Eastern Roman Empire, survived, Western Roman Empire)

## Emperors

- (Augustus, was, first Roman emperor)
- (Tiberius, succeeded, Augustus)
- (Caligula, succeeded, Tiberius)
- (Claudius, succeeded, Caligula)
- (Nero, succeeded, Claudius)
- (Nero, was last emperor of, Julio-Claudian dynasty)
- (Vespasian, founded, Flavian dynasty)
- (Titus, succeeded, Vespasian)
- (Domitian, succeeded, Titus)
- (Nerva, began, Nerva-Antonine dynasty)
- (Trajan, expanded, Roman Empire)
- (Hadrian, consolidated, Roman frontiers)
- (Hadrian, built, Hadrian’s Wall)
- (Antoninus Pius, ruled during, relative peace)
- (Marcus Aurelius, was, philosopher-emperor)
- (Commodus, succeeded, Marcus Aurelius)
- (Septimius Severus, founded, Severan dynasty)
- (Caracalla, issued, Constitutio Antoniniana)
- (Constitutio Antoniniana, granted citizenship to, free inhabitants of empire)
- (Aurelian, restored, Roman unity during third-century crisis)
- (Diocletian, reformed, Roman administration)
- (Constantine I, legalized, Christianity)
- (Constantine I, convened, Council of Nicaea)
- (Julian, attempted to restore, traditional pagan religion)
- (Theodosius I, made Nicene Christianity, official state religion)
- (Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in, 476 CE)
- (Romulus Augustulus, is often considered, last Western Roman emperor)
- (Odoacer, deposed, Romulus Augustulus)
- (Justinian I, ruled, Eastern Roman Empire)
- (Justinian I, attempted, reconquest of western provinces)

## Government and institutions

- (Roman emperor, held, supreme authority)
- (Roman emperor, controlled, army)
- (Roman emperor, appointed, officials)
- (Roman Senate, continued under, empire)
- (Roman Senate, lost much power to, emperor)
- (Roman provinces, were governed by, governors)
- (Roman governors, collected, taxes)
- (Roman governors, administered, justice)
- (Roman law, shaped, imperial governance)
- (Praetorian Guard, protected, emperor)
- (Praetorian Guard, sometimes influenced, imperial succession)
- (Equestrian order, provided, administrators)
- (Senatorial order, provided, high officials)
- (Cursus honorum, was, sequence of public offices)
- (Imperial bureaucracy, expanded under, later empire)
- (Diocletian, increased, number of provinces)
- (Diocletian, separated, civil and military authority)
- (Constantine I, strengthened, imperial bureaucracy)

## Law

- (Roman law, influenced, later European legal systems)
- (Twelve Tables, belonged to, earlier Roman legal tradition)
- (Imperial edicts, had, legal force)
- (Praetor’s edict, influenced, Roman legal development)
- (Jurists, interpreted, Roman law)
- (Justinian I, ordered compilation of, Corpus Juris Civilis)
- (Corpus Juris Civilis, means, Body of Civil Law)
- (Corpus Juris Civilis, was compiled in, 6th century CE)
- (Corpus Juris Civilis, influenced, civil law tradition)
- (Roman citizenship, carried, legal privileges)
- (Constitutio Antoniniana, was issued in, 212 CE)
- (Constitutio Antoniniana, expanded, Roman citizenship)

## Military

- (Roman Empire, relied on, legions)
- (Roman legion, was composed of, heavy infantry)
- (Roman army, included, auxiliaries)
- (Auxiliaries, were often recruited from, non-citizens)
- (Auxiliaries, could receive, citizenship after service)
- (Roman army, built, roads)
- (Roman army, built, forts)
- (Roman army, guarded, frontiers)
- (Limes, were, fortified Roman frontiers)
- (Hadrian’s Wall, marked, northern frontier in Britain)
- (Roman navy, protected, Mediterranean trade routes)
- (Praetorian Guard, served as, imperial bodyguard)
- (Legions, were stationed in, frontier provinces)
- (Roman military discipline, was, strict)
- (Roman army, used, camps)
- (Roman camps, followed, standardized layouts)
- (Roman soldiers, received, pay)
- (Roman veterans, often received, land or bonuses)
- (Military loyalty, often determined, imperial succession)
- (Third-century crisis, involved, frequent military usurpations)

## Wars and expansion

- (Roman Empire, fought, Germanic peoples)
- (Roman Empire, fought, Parthian Empire)
- (Roman Empire, fought, Sasanian Empire)
- (Roman Empire, fought, Dacians)
- (Roman Empire, fought, Jews in revolts)
- (Trajan, conquered, Dacia)
- (Dacia, became, Roman province)
- (Dacian Wars, occurred under, Trajan)
- (Jewish Revolt, began in, 66 CE)
- (Jerusalem, was destroyed by Romans in, 70 CE)
- (Second Temple, was destroyed in, 70 CE)
- (Bar Kokhba revolt, occurred in, 132–135 CE)
- (Judea, was renamed, Syria Palaestina)
- (Claudius, conquered, parts of Britain)
- (Roman conquest of Britain, began in, 43 CE)
- (Battle of Teutoburg Forest, occurred in, 9 CE)
- (Battle of Teutoburg Forest, destroyed, three Roman legions)
- (Arminius, led, Germanic coalition at Teutoburg Forest)
- (Rome, abandoned plans to fully conquer, Germania east of Rhine)
- (Marcomannic Wars, occurred under, Marcus Aurelius)
- (Persian wars, shaped, eastern frontier)

## Economy

- (Roman Empire, had, monetized economy)
- (Roman economy, relied on, agriculture)
- (Roman economy, relied on, taxation)
- (Roman economy, relied on, trade)
- (Roman economy, used, coinage)
- (Denarius, was, Roman silver coin)
- (Aureus, was, Roman gold coin)
- (Solidus, was introduced by, Constantine I)
- (Solidus, became, important late Roman gold coin)
- (Latifundia, were, large estates)
- (Latifundia, used, slave labor and tenant labor)
- (Roman agriculture, produced, grain)
- (Roman agriculture, produced, olives)
- (Roman agriculture, produced, wine)
- (Egypt, supplied, grain)
- (North Africa, supplied, grain)
- (Roman trade, connected, Mediterranean regions)
- (Roman trade, reached, India)
- (Roman merchants, used, sea routes)
- (Roman merchants, used, roads)
- (Taxes, funded, army)
- (Taxes, funded, administration)
- (Currency debasement, contributed to, third-century economic problems)
- (Diocletian, issued, Edict on Maximum Prices)
- (Edict on Maximum Prices, attempted to control, inflation)

## Society

- (Roman society, was, hierarchical)
- (Roman society, included, senators)
- (Roman society, included, equestrians)
- (Roman society, included, citizens)
- (Roman society, included, freedpeople)
- (Roman society, included, slaves)
- (Roman society, included, peregrini before 212 CE)
- (Paterfamilias, was, male head of Roman household)
- (Patria potestas, gave authority to, paterfamilias)
- (Roman women, had, limited formal political rights)
- (Roman women, could own, property under some circumstances)
- (Slavery, was, central institution in Roman society)
- (Slaves, worked in, households)
- (Slaves, worked in, mines)
- (Slaves, worked on, farms)
- (Slaves, worked as, teachers and administrators)
- (Freedpeople, were, former slaves)
- (Freedpeople, could become, economically successful)
- (Patronage, structured, Roman social relations)
- (Clients, depended on, patrons)
- (Patrons, provided, protection and favors)

## Cities and infrastructure

- (Rome, was, largest city of the empire)
- (Roman cities, had, forums)
- (Roman cities, had, baths)
- (Roman cities, had, temples)
- (Roman cities, had, amphitheaters)
- (Roman cities, had, aqueducts)
- (Roman roads, connected, provinces)
- (Roman roads, aided, military movement)
- (Roman roads, aided, trade)
- (Aqueducts, supplied, water)
- (Roman baths, served, hygiene and social life)
- (Forum, served as, civic center)
- (Colosseum, was built in, Rome)
- (Colosseum, was begun by, Vespasian)
- (Colosseum, was completed under, Titus)
- (Pantheon, was rebuilt under, Hadrian)
- (Pantheon, is located in, Rome)
- (Circus Maximus, hosted, chariot races)
- (Appian Way, was, major Roman road)
- (Roman engineering, used, concrete)
- (Roman concrete, enabled, large domes and vaults)
- (Insulae, were, apartment buildings)
- (Domus, were, elite houses)
- (Villas, were, country estates)

## Culture

- (Roman culture, was influenced by, Greek culture)
- (Roman literature, used, Latin)
- (Greek language, remained important in, eastern provinces)
- (Latin, was dominant in, western provinces)
- (Virgil, wrote, Aeneid)
- (Aeneid, celebrated, Rome’s mythical origins)
- (Ovid, wrote, Metamorphoses)
- (Horace, wrote, Odes)
- (Livy, wrote, history of Rome)
- (Tacitus, wrote, Annals)
- (Tacitus, wrote, Histories)
- (Suetonius, wrote, Lives of the Caesars)
- (Pliny the Elder, wrote, Natural History)
- (Seneca, was, Stoic philosopher)
- (Marcus Aurelius, wrote, Meditations)
- (Juvenal, wrote, satires)
- (Roman art, included, portrait sculpture)
- (Roman art, included, mosaics)
- (Roman art, included, frescoes)
- (Roman architecture, used, arches)
- (Roman architecture, used, vaults)
- (Roman architecture, used, domes)

## Religion

- (Roman religion, was originally, polytheistic)
- (Roman religion, included, Jupiter)
- (Roman religion, included, Juno)
- (Roman religion, included, Minerva)
- (Roman religion, included, Mars)
- (Roman religion, included, Venus)
- (Roman religion, included, household gods)
- (Lares, were, household deities)
- (Penates, were, household deities)
- (Imperial cult, honored, emperors)
- (Mystery cults, spread in, Roman Empire)
- (Isis cult, spread in, Roman Empire)
- (Mithraism, spread among, some Roman soldiers)
- (Christianity, emerged in, Roman Empire)
- (Jesus of Nazareth, lived in, Roman Judea)
- (Pontius Pilate, governed, Judea)
- (Early Christians, were sometimes persecuted by, Roman authorities)
- (Great Persecution, occurred under, Diocletian)
- (Edict of Milan, was issued in, 313 CE)
- (Edict of Milan, legalized, Christianity)
- (Constantine I, supported, Christianity)
- (Council of Nicaea, occurred in, 325 CE)
- (Council of Nicaea, addressed, Arian controversy)
- (Theodosius I, issued, Edict of Thessalonica)
- (Edict of Thessalonica, was issued in, 380 CE)
- (Edict of Thessalonica, made Nicene Christianity, official imperial religion)
- (Pagan temples, lost support in, late Roman Empire)

## Language

- (Latin, was, official administrative language in western empire)
- (Greek, was, dominant language in eastern Mediterranean)
- (Roman elites, often learned, Greek)
- (Vulgar Latin, evolved into, Romance languages)
- (Romance languages, include, Italian)
- (Romance languages, include, French)
- (Romance languages, include, Spanish)
- (Romance languages, include, Portuguese)
- (Romance languages, include, Romanian)
- (Legal Latin, influenced, later legal terminology)
- (Ecclesiastical Latin, influenced, Western Christianity)

## Crisis and transformation

- (Third-century crisis, lasted roughly from, 235 CE to 284 CE)
- (Third-century crisis, involved, civil wars)
- (Third-century crisis, involved, invasions)
- (Third-century crisis, involved, economic instability)
- (Third-century crisis, involved, plague)
- (Barracks emperors, rose during, third-century crisis)
- (Aurelian, defeated, Palmyrene Empire)
- (Aurelian, defeated, Gallic Empire)
- (Aurelian, was called, Restitutor Orbis)
- (Restitutor Orbis, means, Restorer of the World)
- (Diocletian, ended, third-century crisis)
- (Late Roman Empire, became, more centralized)
- (Late Roman army, included, comitatenses)
- (Late Roman army, included, limitanei)
- (Comitatenses, were, mobile field troops)
- (Limitanei, were, frontier troops)
- (Foederati, were, allied barbarian troops settled under treaty)
- (Germanic groups, increasingly served in, Roman army)

## Division and fall of the West

- (Roman Empire, split administratively between, East and West)
- (Western Roman Empire, had capital at, Ravenna in late period)
- (Ravenna, became western capital in, 402 CE)
- (Eastern Roman Empire, had capital at, Constantinople)
- (Western Roman Empire, faced pressure from, Goths)
- (Western Roman Empire, faced pressure from, Vandals)
- (Western Roman Empire, faced pressure from, Huns)
- (Western Roman Empire, faced pressure from, Franks)
- (Visigoths, sacked, Rome)
- (Sack of Rome by Visigoths, occurred in, 410 CE)
- (Alaric, led
