Here is a broad, structured set of (subject, predicate, object) triples about photosynthesis.

Core concepts and definitions
- (Photosynthesis, is, conversion of light energy into chemical energy)
- (Photosynthesis, primary_function, fixation of inorganic carbon into organic compounds)
- (Oxygenic_photosynthesis, uses, water as electron donor)
- (Oxygenic_photosynthesis, releases, oxygen gas)
- (Anoxygenic_photosynthesis, uses, electron donors other than water)
- (Anoxygenic_photosynthesis, does_not_release, oxygen gas)
- (Photosynthesis, major_products, carbohydrates)
- (Photosynthesis, powers, biosphere primary production)
- (Photosynthesis, occurs_in, plants)
- (Photosynthesis, occurs_in, algae)
- (Photosynthesis, occurs_in, cyanobacteria)

Overall stoichiometry and energetics
- (Oxygenic_photosynthesis_overall, equation, "6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2")
- (Oxygenic_photosynthesis_overall, alternative_equation, "6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O")
- (Linear_electron_flow, minimal_photons_per_O2, approximately_8)
- (Linear_electron_flow, practical_photons_per_O2, approximately_8_to_12)
- (Calvin_cycle, energy_cost_per_CO2, "3 ATP and 2 NADPH")
- (Calvin_cycle, product_per_3_CO2, one_glyceraldehyde_3_phosphate)
- (Triose_phosphate_export, requires, phosphate_triose_phosphate_antiport)
- (Photosynthesis, converts, solar_photon_flux_to_chemical_bonds)
- (Quantum_yield_of_CO2_fixation, typical_value, approximately_0.05_to_0.1_mol_CO2_per_mol_photons)

Cellular locations and structures
- (Chloroplast, site_of, photosynthesis_in_plants_and_algae)
- (Cyanobacterium, site_of, photosynthesis_on_thylakoid_membranes)
- (Chloroplast, contains, thylakoid_membranes)
- (Chloroplast, contains, stroma)
- (Thylakoid_membranes, form, grana_and_stroma_lamellae)
- (Light_reactions, occur_in, thylakoid_membranes)
- (Calvin_cycle, occurs_in, chloroplast_stroma)
- (Starch_synthesis, occurs_in, chloroplast_stroma)
- (Sucrose_synthesis, occurs_in, cytosol)
- (Pyrenoid, concentrates, CO2_in_many_algae)
- (Carboxysome, concentrates, CO2_in_cyanobacteria)
- (Chloroplast, evolved_via, cyanobacterial_endosymbiosis)

Pigments and light harvesting
- (Chlorophyll_a, primary_role, reaction_center_pigment)
- (Chlorophyll_b, role, accessory_pigment_in_plants)
- (Carotenoids, role, accessory_pigments_and_photoprotection)
- (Phycobiliproteins, role, light_harvesting_in_cyanobacteria_and_red_algae)
- (Light_harvesting_complexes, aggregate, chlorophylls_and_carotenoids)
- (LHCII, associates_with, photosystem_II)
- (LHCI, associates_with, photosystem_I)
- (Chlorophyll, absorbs_strongly_in, blue_and_red_wavelengths)
- (Chlorophyll, reflects, green_light)
- (Action_spectrum_of_photosynthesis, peaks_in, blue_and_red_regions)
- (Emerson_enhancement_effect, demonstrates, cooperation_of_two_photosystems)

Photosystems and primary photochemistry
- (Photosystem_II, reaction_center, P680)
- (Photosystem_I, reaction_center, P700)
- (PSII, oxidizes, water)
- (PSII, releases, O2)
- (PSII, passes_electrons_to, plastoquinone_pool)
- (PSI, accepts_electrons_from, plastocyanin)
- (PSI, reduces, ferredoxin)
- (Ferredoxin_NADP_reductase, reduces, NADP+_to_NADPH)
- (Oxygen_evolving_complex, contains, Mn4CaO5_cluster)
- (Oxygen_evolving_complex, catalyzes, water_splitting)
- (Primary_charge_separation_in_PSII, yields, P680+_and_Pheophytin-)
- (QA_QB_sites_in_PSII, bind, plastoquinone_molecules)
- (Plastocyanin, cofactor, copper)
- (Z_scheme, describes, electron_energy_trajectory_from_H2O_to_NADP+)

Electron transport and proton motive force
- (Plastoquinone_pool, transfers_electrons_to, cytochrome_b6f_complex)
- (Cytochrome_b6f, performs, Q_cycle)
- (Q_cycle, translocates, protons_into_thylakoid_lumen)
- (Proton_motive_force, components, delta_pH_and_delta_psi)
- (ATP_synthase_CF0CF1, uses, proton_motive_force_to_make_ATP)
- (Water_oxidation, contributes, protons_to_lumen)
- (Linear_electron_flow, produces, NADPH)
- (Linear_electron_flow, contributes_to, ATP_synthesis)
- (Cyclic_electron_flow_around_PSI, produces, ATP_only)
- (Cyclic_electron_flow_around_PSI, involves, ferredoxin_and_PGR5_PGRL1_pathway)
- (Chloroplast_NDH_complex, contributes_to, cyclic_electron_flow)
- (Thylakoid_lumen_acidification, activates, non_photochemical_quenching)
- (Granal_stacking, favors, PSII_function)
- (Stroma_lamellae, enriched_in, PSI_and_cytochrome_b6f)

Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and carbon fixation
- (Calvin_cycle, synonym, Calvin_Benson_Bassham_cycle)
- (Rubisco, catalyzes, RuBP_carboxylation)
- (Rubisco, also_catalyzes, RuBP_oxygenation)
- (Rubisco, requires, Mg2+_and_carbamylation_for_activation)
- (Rubisco_activase, uses, ATP_to_activate_Rubisco)
- (CO2_fixation_step, produces, 3_phosphoglycerate)
- (Reduction_phase, uses, ATP_and_NADPH)
- (Reduction_phase, yields, glyceraldehyde_3_phosphate)
- (Regeneration_phase, reforms, ribulose_1_5_bisphosphate)
- (Triose_phosphate_phosphate_translocator, exchanges, triose_phosphate_for_inorganic_phosphate)
- (Calvin_cycle_enzymes, regulated_by, thioredoxin_mediated_redox)
- (Thioredoxin_system, activated_by, ferredoxin_in_light)
- (G3P_export, supports, sucrose_synthesis_in_cytosol)
- (Excess_triose_phosphate, stored_as, starch_in_chloroplast)

Photorespiration and limitations
- (Rubisco_oxygenase_activity, initiates, photorespiration)
- (Photorespiration, consumes, O2)
- (Photorespiration, releases, CO2)
- (Photorespiration, costs, ATP_and_reducing_power)
- (Photorespiration_pathway, spans, chloroplast_peroxisome_mitochondrion)
- (Photorespiration_rate, increases_with, temperature)
- (Photorespiration_rate, increases_with, high_O2_low_CO2)
- (C4_and_CAM_pathways, suppress, photorespiration_via_CO2_concentration)
- (C3_photosynthesis, vulnerable_to, photorespiration)

C4 photosynthesis
- (C4_photosynthesis, employs, PEP_carboxylase_for_first_fixation)
- (PEP_carboxylase, fixes, HCO3-_to_oxaloacetate)
- (C4_plants, separate, initial_fixation_and_Calvin_cycle_in_space)
- (C4_anatomy, features, Kranz_anatomy)
- (Mesophyll_cells_in_C4, produce, C4_acids_like_malate_or_aspartate)
- (Bundle_sheath_cells_in_C4, decarboxylate, C4_acids_to_release_CO2)
- (C4_plants, concentrate, CO2_around_Rubisco)
- (C4_pathway_subtypes, include, NADP_ME_NAD_ME_and_PEP_CK)
- (C4_plants, advantage, high_temperature_high_light_environments)
- (C4_plants, water_use_efficiency, higher_than_C3)

CAM photosynthesis
- (CAM_photosynthesis, separates, CO2_uptake_and_fixation_in_time)
- (CAM_plants, open_stomata, at_night)
- (CAM_plants, fix_CO2_at_night_as, malate_in_vacuoles)
- (CAM_plants, close_stomata, during_day)
- (CAM_plants, decarboxylate, malate_to_release_CO2_for_Calvin_cycle)
- (CAM_photosynthesis, improves, water_use_efficiency_in_arid_conditions)

Regulation and photoprotection
- (Non_photochemical_quenching, dissipates, excess_excitation_as_heat)
- (NPQ, depends_on, lumen_acidification)
- (Xanthophyll_cycle, converts, violaxanthin_to_zeaxanthin_under_high_light)
- (PsbS_protein, senses, lumen_pH_and_triggers_NPQ)
- (State_transitions, balance, excitation_between_PSII_and_PSI)
- (LHCII_phosphorylation, mediates, state_transitions)
- (STN7_kinase, phosphorylates, LHCII)
- (TAP38_PPH1_phosphatase, dephosphorylates, LHCII)
- (Photoinhibition, damages, PSII_D1_protein)
- (PSII_repair_cycle, replaces, damaged_D1)
- (D1_protein, encoded_by, psbA_gene)
- (Antioxidant_systems, detoxify, reactive_oxygen_species)
- (Carotenoids, quench, triplet_chlorophyll_and_singlet_oxygen)
- (Cyclic_electron_flow, adjusts, ATP_NADPH_balance)
- (Stomatal_conductance, regulates, CO2_supply_and_transpiration)
- (Abscisic_acid, induces, stomatal_closure_under_drought)

Environmental responses and limiting factors
- (Photosynthesis_rate, limited_by, light_intensity_at_low_light)
- (Photosynthesis_rate, saturates_with, increasing_light)
- (Photosynthesis_rate, limited_by, CO2_concentration)
- (Photosynthesis_rate, has_optimum_with, temperature)
- (High_temperature, increases, Rubisco_oxygenase_relative_to_carboxylase)
- (Water_deficit, reduces, stomatal_conductance)
- (Nitrogen_status, influences, chlorophyll_and_Rubisco_content)
- (Leaf_age, affects, photosynthetic_capacity)
- (Sun_leaves, have, higher_chlorophyll_a_to_b_ratio_than_shade_leaves)
- (Chloroplasts, relocate, within_cells_in_response_to_light_intensity)
- (Blue_light, triggers, stomatal_opening_via_phototropins)

Diversity across organisms
- (Cyanobacteria, perform, oxygenic_photosynthesis)
- (Green_algae, perform, oxygenic_photosynthesis)
- (Red_algae, use, phycobilisomes_for_light_harvesting)
- (Diatoms, contain, fucoxanthin_and_chlorophyll_c)
- (Purple_sulfur_bacteria, perform, anoxygenic_photosynthesis_with_type_II_RC)
- (Green_sulfur_bacteria, perform, anoxygenic_photosynthesis_with_type_I_RC)
- (Anoxygenic_photosynthesis, uses, H2S_or_H2_or_Fe2+_as_electron_donors)
- (Oxygenic_and_anoxygenic_systems, share, principles_of_photochemistry_and_electron_transfer)

Evolution and global impact
- (Oxygenic_photosynthesis, originated_in, cyanobacteria)
- (Cyanobacterial_photosynthesis, drove, Great_Oxidation_Event)
- (Great_Oxidation_Event, transformed, Earth_atmosphere_with_O2)
- (Chloroplasts, descended_from, endosymbiotic_cyanobacteria)
- (Photosynthesis, underpins, global_carbon_cycle)
- (Net_primary_production, magnitude, approximately_100_to_120_Pg_C_per_year)
- (Marine_phytoplankton, contribute, roughly_half_of_global_primary_production)
- (Terrestrial_plants, contribute, roughly_half_of_global_primary_production)
- (Photosynthesis, reduces, atmospheric_CO2)
- (Photosynthesis, produces, breathable_oxygen)

Biochemistry details and inhibitors
- (PSII_QB_site, target_of, herbicides_like_atrazine_and_DCMU)
- (DCMU, blocks, electron_flow_from_QA_to_QB)
- (Cytochrome_b6f, inhibited_by, antimycin_A_in_cyclic_routes)
- (FNR_activity, modulated_by, stromal_redox_state)
- (Chloroplast_ATP_synthase, subunits, CF1_head_and_CF0_c_ring)
- (ATP_synthase, inhibited_by, elevated_delta_psi_in_dark_if_redox_switched_off)
- (Proton_to_ATP_stoichiometry, approximate, 4_to_4.67_protons_per_ATP_in_chloroplasts)
- (Linear_flow_per_4_electrons, yields, approximately_2_NADPH_and_~2.5_to_3_ATP)

Carbon allocation and transport
- (Daytime, favors, sucrose_synthesis_for_export)
- (Nighttime, uses, starch_breakdown_to_support_metabolism)
- (Triose_phosphate, exported_via, TPT_antiporter)
- (Sucrose, transported, from_source_leaves_to_sinks)
- (Starch_in_chloroplast, serves_as, transient_carbon_storage)

Isotopes and signatures
- (Rubisco_fractionation, favors, 12C_over_13C)
- (C3_plants, delta13C_signature, approximately_minus_28_permil)
- (C4_plants, delta13C_signature, approximately_minus_13_permil)
- (Stable_isotopes, trace, carbon_flow_in_ecosystems)

Measurement and diagnostics
- (Oxygen_evolution, measures, photosynthetic_activity)
- (Chlorophyll_fluorometry, assesses, PSII_function)
- (Pulse_amplitude_modulation, measures, variable_fluorescence)
- (Fv_Fm, estimates, maximum_quantum_efficiency_of_PSII)
- (Non_photochemical_quenching_parameter, quantifies, heat_dissipation)
- (Gas_exchange_A_Ci_curves, diagnose, Rubisco_capacity_and_diffusion_limits)
- (Light_response_curves, reveal, quantum_yield_and_light_saturation_point)
- (Spectral_reflectance_indices, infer, pigment_content_and_stress)

Environmental chemistry and stomata
- (Stomata, regulate, CO2_uptake_and_water_loss)
- (Guard_cells, modulated_by, turgor_changes)
- (ABA_signaling, promotes, stomatal_closure)
- (High_CO2, promotes, stomatal_closure_in_many_species)
- (Low_humidity, increases, transpirational_demand)
- (Leaf_internal_CO2_Ci, influences, carboxylation_rate)

Advanced regulation and acclimation
- (Redox_poising, balances, electron_supply_and_demand)
- (State_1_to_state_2_transition, shifts, LHCII_toward_PSI_when_PSII_is_overexcited)
- (State_2_to_state_1_transition, returns, LHCII_to_PSII_when_PSI_is_overexcited)
- (Long_term_acclimation, adjusts, pigment_content_and_enzyme_levels)
- (Chloroplast_biogenesis, requires, coordinated_nuclear_and_plastid_gene_expression)
- (psbA_transcription_and_translation, upregulated_by, high_light_for_D1_repair)

Specialized structures and complexes
- (Phycobilisomes, attach_to, thylakoid_surface_in_cyanobacteria)
- (Chlorosomes, present_in, green_sulfur_bacteria)
- (PSII_supercomplexes, associate_with, LHCII_trimers)
- (PSI_supercomplexes, associate_with, LHCI_belt)
- (Cytochrome_b6f, connects, PSII_and_PSI)
- (Ferredoxin, distributes, electrons_to_FNR_and_cyclic_pathways)

Environmental stress and damage
- (Excess_light, generates, reactive_oxygen_species)
- (Drought, induces, stomatal_closure_and_reduced_CO2_assimilation)
- (Heat_stress, destabilizes, thylakoid_membranes_and_Rubisco_activase)
- (Cold_stress, limits, enzyme_kinetics_in_Calvin_cycle)
- (Nutrient_limitation, decreases, chlorophyll_and_protein_content)
- (UV_radiation, damages, D1_and_DNA)
- (Photoprotective_carotenoids, mitigate, photooxidative_damage)

Applications and engineering
- (Crop_yield, depends_on, canopy_photosynthesis_efficiency)
- (Breeding_and_bioengineering, target, Rubisco_properties_and_activase)
- (CO2_concentrating_mechanisms, engineered_for, improving_C3_photosynthesis)
- (Algal_biofuels, rely_on, photosynthetic_carbon_fixation)
- (Protected_agriculture, manipulates, light_CO2_and_temperature)
- (Spectral_management_films, adjust, light_quality_to_boost_photosynthesis)
- (Synthetic_biology, explores, alternative_carbon_fixation_paths)
- (Remote_sensing_of_SIF, estimates, photosynthetic_activity_from_space)

Noteworthy quantitative relations
- (Per_3_CO2_fixed, Calvin_cycle_consumes, 9_ATP_and_6_NADPH)
- (Per_O2_evolved, linear_flow_transfers, 4_electrons)
- (PSI_reaction_center, peak_absorption, approximately_700_nm)
- (PSII_reaction_center, peak_absorption, approximately_680_nm)
- (Light_saturation_point, varies_with, species_and_environment)
- (Water_use_efficiency, higher_in, C4_and_CAM_than_C3)

Conceptual summaries
- (Light_reactions, convert, light_to_proton_gradient_ATP_and_NADPH)
- (Dark_reactions_term, is_misleading, because_Calvin_cycle_requires_light_products)
- (Photosynthetic_efficiency, constrained_by, biophysics_biochemistry_and_environment)
- (Photosynthesis, integrates, energy_transduction_carbon_metabolism_and_regulation)

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